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<!doctype html><html lang="en" class="js-disabled"><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1"/><title>Our World in Data</title><meta name="description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://ourworldindata.org"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/atom.xml" title="Atom feed for Our World in Data"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link rel="preload" href="/fonts/LatoLatin-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://ourworldindata.org"/><meta property="og:title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta property="og:description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/default-thumbnail.png"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@OurWorldInData"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@OurWorldInData"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/default-thumbnail.png"/><link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/owid.mjs"/><link rel="preload" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/polyfill/v3/polyfill.min.js?version=4.8.0&amp;features=es2022,es2023" as="script" data-cloudflare-disable-early-hints="true"/><link rel="preload" href="/assets/owid.css" as="style"/><meta name="citation_title" content="OWID Homepage"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://ourworldindata.org"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/02/28"/><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Our World in Data"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/owid.css"/><script>window._OWID_GDOC_PROPS = {"id":"1-X5zMYoLTJqD6kidXYd1GuIDj1uhlPe5-Em5B7vsgNo","slug":"owid-homepage","content":{"body":[{"type":"pill-row","pills":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/poverty","text":"Poverty"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality","text":"Child Mortality"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/global-education","text":"Global Education"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions","text":"CO₂ Emissions"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/migration","text":"Migration"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace","text":"War & Peace"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy","text":"Life Expectancy"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/population-growth","text":"Population Growth"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/artificial-intelligence","text":"Artificial Intelligence"}],"title":"Popular pages","parseErrors":[]},{"type":"homepage-search","parseErrors":[]},{"type":"homepage-intro","parseErrors":[],"featuredWork":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maternal-mortality","type":"secondary","isNew":true,"title":"We’ve updated our long-run chart on maternal mortality rates","kicker":"Data update","authors":["Fiona Spooner"],"filename":"data-update-featured-image.png","description":"Where in the world do women face the highest risk of dying from maternal causes?"},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/15hEchniGhmgO8mLsSi5mXek2a9na-Mo1VFtrsWcQw1g/edit","type":"secondary","isNew":false,"kicker":"From our classics"},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1N59E6wgvcSO8y9_TtfV5X4P9e-YD-JAI64Jd8HRJ8H4/edit?tab=t.cqu1zqrixzbm","type":"primary","isNew":true,"kicker":"Article · 11 min read"},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CGNtQzX5mfbHGBEJoDdFaW8hJppZOfa2Z7PUzgyDtU8/edit","type":"tertiary","isNew":false,"kicker":"Article · 12 min read"},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1NPGUl2HWdmgsn6Xpq4oB3OHEl__jfSpzEiLIgMEeNfI/edit","type":"tertiary","isNew":false,"kicker":"Article · 13 min read"}]},{"type":"latest-data-insights","parseErrors":[]},{"type":"key-indicator-collection","blocks":[{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"What could be more tragic than the death of a young child? Child mortality, the death of children under the age of five, is still ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/much-better-awful-can-be-better","children":[{"text":"extremely common","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" in our world today.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The historical data makes clear that it doesn’t have to be this way: it ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality-big-problem-in-brief","children":[{"text":"is possible","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" for societies to protect their children and reduce child mortality to very low rates. For child mortality to reach low levels, many things have to go right at the same time: ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/financing-healthcare","children":[{"text":"good healthcare","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/hunger-and-undernourishment","children":[{"text":"good nutrition","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/clean-water-sanitation","children":[{"text":"clean water and sanitation","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/maternal-mortality","children":[{"text":"maternal health","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", and high ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/economic-growth","children":[{"text":"living standards","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":". We can, therefore, think of ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality","children":[{"text":"child mortality","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" as a proxy indicator of a country’s living conditions.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The chart shows our long-run data on child mortality, which allows you to see how child mortality has changed in countries around the world.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"What share of children die before their fifth birthday?","source":"Long-run estimates combining data from UN & Gapminder","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality?time=earliest..latest","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The UN sets the “International Poverty Line” as a worldwide comparable definition for extreme poverty. Extreme poverty is currently defined as living on less than $3 per day. This indicator, published by the World Bank, has successfully drawn attention to the terrible depths of poverty of the poorest people in the world.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Two centuries ago, ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty-in-brief","children":[{"text":"the majority","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" of the world’s population was extremely poor. Back then, it was widely believed that widespread poverty was inevitable. This turned out to be wrong. Economic growth is possible and ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/what-is-economic-growth","children":[{"text":"makes it possible","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" for entire societies to leave the deep poverty of the past behind. Whether or not countries are leaving the worst poverty behind can be monitored by relying on this indicator.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"What share of the population lives in extreme poverty?","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Across the world, people are living longer. In 1900, the global average life expectancy of a newborn was 32 years. By 2021, this had more than doubled to 71 years.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Big improvements were achieved by countries ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy-globally","children":[{"text":"around the world","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":". The chart shows that life expectancy has more than doubled in every region of the world. This improvement is not only due to declining child mortality; life expectancy increased ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/its-not-just-about-child-mortality-life-expectancy-improved-at-all-ages","children":[{"text":"at all ages","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":".","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"This visualization shows long-run estimates of life expectancy brought together by our team from several different data sources. It also shows that the ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus","children":[{"text":"COVID-19 pandemic","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" led to reduced life expectancy worldwide.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"How has people’s life expectancy changed over time?","source":"Long-run estimates collated from multiple sources by Our World in Data","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The main source of carbon dioxide (CO","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"2","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-subscript"},{"text":") emissions is the burning of fossil fuels. It is the primary ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions","children":[{"text":"greenhouse gas","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" causing ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/climate-change","children":[{"text":"climate change","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":".","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Globally, CO","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"2","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-subscript"},{"text":" emissions have remained at just below 5 tonnes per person for over a decade. Between countries, however, there are large differences, and while emissions are rapidly increasing in some countries, they are rapidly falling in others.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The source for this CO","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"2","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-subscript"},{"text":" data is the Global Carbon Budget, a dataset we update yearly as soon as it is published. 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This indicator reveals how large the inequality between people in different countries is. In the poorest countries, people live on less than $1,000 per year, while in rich countries, the average income is more than 50 times higher.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The data shown is sourced from the Maddison Project Database. Drawing together the careful work of hundreds of economic historians, the particular value of this data lies in the historical coverage it provides. This data makes clear that the vast majority of people in all countries ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-history-methods","children":[{"text":"were poor","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" in the past. 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Growing enough food to feed one’s family was a constant struggle in daily life. Food shortages, malnutrition, and ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/famines","children":[{"text":"famines","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" were common around the world.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization publishes global data on undernourishment, defined as not consuming enough calories to maintain a normal, active, healthy life. These minimum requirements vary by a person’s sex, weight, height, and activity levels. This is considered in these national and global estimates.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The world has made much progress in reducing global hunger in recent decades. But we are still far away from an end to hunger, as this indicator shows. Tragically, nearly one in ten people still do not get enough food to eat and in recent years — especially during the pandemic — hunger levels have increased.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"What share of the population is suffering from hunger?","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Literacy is a foundational skill. Children need to learn to read so that they can read to learn. When we fail to teach this foundational skill, people have fewer opportunities to lead the rich and interesting lives that a good education offers.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The historical data shows that only a very small share of the population, a tiny elite, was able to read and write. 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In France and Greece, around one-third of adults use tobacco, more than twice the rate in countries like Denmark, the UK, and Norway.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Given that smoking is one of the ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-deaths-by-risk-factor","children":[{"text":"leading risk factors","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" for disease burden and premature death, these differences matter a lot for public health.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-adults-who-smoke","children":[{"text":"Explore how smoking rates compare in other parts of the world","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Smoking rates vary a lot across Western Europe","authors":["Hannah Ritchie"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=14620-5&p=f&t=QJE8XQkNhRJ7ST7K-0","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-adults-who-smoke","narrative-chart":"smoking-rates-western-europe"}},{"id":"1SFDhu4vcNuDOE0idNUI8EiLCjLb2b3EVwRvdqCAXCyA","slug":"access-to-clean-cooking-fuels-in-bangladesh-is-far-lower-than-in-its-asian-neighbors","publishedAt":"2025-10-03T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"bangladesh-low-clean-cooking-fuels.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Electricity access in Bangladesh ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights/in-the-last-30-years-almost-everybody-in-bangladesh-gained-access-to-electricity","children":[{"text":"has transformed","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" over my lifetime: from around 15% of the population 30 years ago, to 99% today.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"But progress on clean cooking fuels has lagged far behind. Fewer than 30% of households cook with gas, electricity, or improved stoves; most still rely on wood, crop waste, or straw. The chart shows that clean fuel usage is well below the levels reached by its Asian neighbors.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The costs are huge. Using biomass for cooking damages forests and harms health because people breathe in smoke and particulates. In Bangladesh, deaths from indoor air pollution are ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution?tab=discrete-bar&time=2021&country=OWID_LIC~OWID_HIC~OWID_LMC~OWID_UMC~BGD","children":[{"text":"higher than the average in low-income countries","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", even though those countries usually have worse overall health. Indoor air pollution is close to being the country’s ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-deaths-by-risk-factor?country=~BGD","children":[{"text":"largest risk factor","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" for early death.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Why has progress been so slow? The main barrier is economic. Bangladesh produces very little liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), relying instead on volatile imports. Its lack of domestic distribution networks also pushes prices, making ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-024-17971-7","children":[{"text":"clean cooking fuels expensive","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" for consumers. Some of Bangladesh’s neighbors — like India — have given subsidies to help households switch; Bangladesh has not, making clean cooking fuels less affordable.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Cultural factors also matter. Biomass is often seen as “free” and convenient, and families are used to traditional cookstoves and the flavors they generate. They might be unaware of how damaging this pollution is to their health and ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666188824000029","children":[{"text":"skeptical of the damage","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" that alternatives such as LPG could do.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/worlds-energy-problem","children":[{"text":"Read my colleague Max Roser’s article — “The world’s energy problem” — for a global perspective on this issue","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Access to clean cooking fuels in Bangladesh is far lower than in its Asian neighbors","authors":["Hannah Ritchie"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=14208-12345&t=2YuxWxpM0Wt9mc2Y-0","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/access-to-clean-fuels-and-technologies-for-cooking?tab=discrete-bar&time=earliest..latest&country=BGD~IND~CHN~NPL~PAK~LKA~MMR~THA~AFG","narrative-chart":"bangladesh-low-clean-cooking-fuels"}},{"id":"1XX3R0IfzvXPjDPxGEbucMNotVH_O-loDatKzT3lzNzc","slug":"france-opened-a-flurry-of-nuclear-power-plants-in-the-1980s-and-1990s-giving-it-low-carbon-electricity-ever-since","publishedAt":"2025-10-01T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"france-nuclear-power-output.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"At the turn of the millennium, France had one of the ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity?time=earliest&globe=1&globeRotation=48.24%2C2.22&globeZoom=3.48","children":[{"text":"lowest-carbon electricity grids","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" in Europe (and the world). While countries like the UK and Germany emitted well over 500 grams of CO₂ per kilowatt-hour of electricity, France emitted just 80 grams — six times less. This was mostly thanks to nuclear power.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"In the 1980s and 1990s, France rapidly expanded its power grid, and almost all of this growth came from new nuclear plants. The chart shows this: in the 1980s alone, nuclear power grew from 60 to over 300 terawatt-hours.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"By 2000, nuclear power supplied almost 80% of the country’s electricity, making it much cleaner than its neighbors, mostly relying on coal and gas.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"France still has ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/carbon-intensity-electricity?time=latest&globe=1&globeRotation=48.24%2C2.22&globeZoom=3.48","children":[{"text":"one of the cleanest grids","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" in Europe, although it has added very little nuclear power in the 21st century. It has opened just one plant in the last 25 years, in Flamanville, following long delays and cost overruns.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"In the last decade, solar and wind power ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-prod-source-stacked?stackMode=relative&country=~FRA","children":[{"text":"have grown the most","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":".","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nuclear-energy-generation","children":[{"text":"See what countries produce nuclear energy, and how their generation has changed over time","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"France opened a flurry of nuclear power plants in the 1980s and 1990s, giving it low-carbon electricity ever since","authors":["Hannah Ritchie"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=14055-12296&t=fCs15G2WABT4Ve4Q-0","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/nuclear-energy-generation","narrative-chart":"france-nuclear-power-output"}},{"id":"1OjT_stUvypmsBslLlLWSrT2yl1SSxsFBWXivJCEyUJk","slug":"only-two-northern-white-rhinos-remain-and-both-are-female","publishedAt":"2025-09-29T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"two-northern-white-rhinos.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The Northern White rhino is on the brink of extinction. In the chart, you can see the collapse of this beautiful animal's population as a result of poaching, habitat loss, and conflict.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Now, only two individuals are left — Najin and her daughter, Fatu. Without males, the subspecies is “functionally extinct” and cannot rebuild its population naturally.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Scientists, though, offer some hope of bringing the rhino back through assisted reproduction. Eggs from Najin and Fatu have been fertilized with preserved sperm from dead male rhinos to produce viable embryos. Since neither Najin nor Fatu can carry a pregnancy, the plan is to use a female ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"Southern","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":" White rhino — the closest subspecies — as a surrogate, to carry the embryo through to birth.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"In 2023, a surrogate called Curra ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/kenya-white-rhino-extinction-ivf-pregnancy-69f901e849e894b752c78ede5caa3b4e","children":[{"text":"became pregnant","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", showing that the method works. Sadly, she died of a bacterial infection during pregnancy.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Scientists ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2025-02-quest-extinct-rhinos.html","children":[{"text":"plan to try again","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" and are also exploring other breakthrough reproduction treatments to save the Northern White rhino before it’s lost forever.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/large-mammals-extinction","children":[{"text":"Read my article on why large mammals are so threatened with extinction","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Only two Northern White rhinos remain, and both are female","authors":["Hannah Ritchie"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=14031-5&p=f&t=tg2BHJqe4Eta6MFX-0","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/northern-white-rhinos","narrative-chart":"two-northern-white-rhinos"}},{"id":"1O2bMIklC6o-d3Aq-XN_g2QiGivnoTIaFklMv4WfxBdI","slug":"richer-countries-dont-just-avoid-infectious-disease-they-also-have-lower-rates-of-chronic-disease-deaths","publishedAt":"2025-09-26T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"income-levels-death-rates-type.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"One of humanity’s ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/microbes-battle-science-vaccines","children":[{"text":"biggest victories","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" has been the fight against infectious diseases. 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As we might expect, deaths are much less common in high-income countries where almost everyone can access ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/clean-water-sanitation","children":[{"text":"clean water","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/clean-water-sanitation","children":[{"text":"sanitation","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", and medication.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"One common misconception is that this prosperity has come at the cost of an increase in death rates from chronic diseases, such as heart disease and cancers (collectively called “non-communicable diseases”). But this is not the case. As you can see in the chart, death rates from these diseases are ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"also","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":" lower in richer countries. It’s not the case that we’ve simply substituted one health problem for another.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"That means that the risk of someone of a given age dying from ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"any cause","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":" each year tends to decrease as countries get richer.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death","children":[{"text":"Explore more of our data on causes of death across the world","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Richer countries don’t just avoid infectious disease — they also have lower rates of chronic disease deaths","authors":["Hannah Ritchie"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=13095-1181&t=IpUIXkleMzf3PcLN-0","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/age-standardized-death-rate-by-cause","narrative-chart":"income-levels-death-rates-type"}},{"id":"15WnNos5jOdG5PBH78-fkMRcXBZd1_hEuTnnkEUmy8rs","slug":"15-billion-people-now-live-in-countries-where-same-sex-marriage-is-legal-but-thats-only-one-in-five-worldwide","publishedAt":"2025-09-24T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"same-sex-marriage-people","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The first nationwide law allowing same-sex couples to marry was passed in the Netherlands in 2001. Amsterdam’s mayor, Job Cohen, officiated the first couples. 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But they are still in the minority globally. Four in five people still live in countries where same-sex couples are not equal under the law.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/marriage-same-sex-partners-equaldex","children":[{"text":"Explore which countries have legalized same-sex marriage","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"1.5 billion people now live in countries where same-sex marriage is legal — but that’s only one in five worldwide","authors":["Simon van Teutem"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=14317-3230&t=P6PFp8BZ6Xcw4U4w-1","approved-by":"Hannah","grapher-url":"","narrative-chart":""}}]}</script><script>
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homepage-intro__donate-button"><span>Donate to support us</span></a></div><div class="h6-black-caps">As seen on</div><img class="homepage-intro__media-logos" src="https://ourworldindata.org/media-logos.svg" alt="Logos of the publications that have used our content. From left to right: Science, Nature, PNAS, BBC, Financial Times, The New York Times, The Guardian, The Atlantic, and The Washington Post" width="230" height="75" loading="lazy"/></section><section class="grid grid-cols-9 span-cols-9 col-start-5 span-md-cols-12 col-md-start-2 homepage-intro__right-section"><h2 class="span-cols-9 span-md-cols-12 h5-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-heading">Featured work</h2><div class="grid grid-cols-9 span-cols-9 span-md-cols-12 homepage-intro__featured-work-container"><div class="homepage-intro__primary-tiles span-cols-6"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/does-the-news-reflect-what-we-die-from" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9cf97009-994a-46f5-707b-980a8c6e4700/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9cf97009-994a-46f5-707b-980a8c6e4700/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9cf97009-994a-46f5-707b-980a8c6e4700/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9cf97009-994a-46f5-707b-980a8c6e4700/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9cf97009-994a-46f5-707b-980a8c6e4700/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9cf97009-994a-46f5-707b-980a8c6e4700/w=2400 2400w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 640px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9cf97009-994a-46f5-707b-980a8c6e4700/w=2400" alt="Featured image" loading="lazy" width="2400" height="1260"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker"><span class="homepage-intro__new-tag">New</span>Article · 11 min read</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">Does the news reflect what we die from?</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">What do Americans die from, and what do the New York Times, Washington Post, and Fox News report on?</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Hannah Ritchie, Tuna Acisu, and Edouard Mathieu</p></a></div><div class="homepage-intro__secondary-tiles span-cols-3 col-start-7"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maternal-mortality" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=1200" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker"><span class="homepage-intro__new-tag">New</span>Data update</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">We’ve updated our long-run chart on maternal mortality rates</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">Where in the world do women face the highest risk of dying from maternal causes?</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Fiona Spooner</p></a><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/yields-vs-land-use-how-has-the-world-produced-enough-food-for-a-growing-population" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/74c2cbde-dd73-431b-cf77-4d621eafcb00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/74c2cbde-dd73-431b-cf77-4d621eafcb00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/74c2cbde-dd73-431b-cf77-4d621eafcb00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/74c2cbde-dd73-431b-cf77-4d621eafcb00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/74c2cbde-dd73-431b-cf77-4d621eafcb00/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/74c2cbde-dd73-431b-cf77-4d621eafcb00/w=1200" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">From our classics</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">Yields vs. land use: how the Green Revolution enabled us to feed a growing population</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">Crop yields across the world have increased dramatically over the last half-century. But has this kept up with a growing population?</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Hannah Ritchie</p></a></div><div class="homepage-intro__tertiary-tiles span-cols-6 grid grid-cols-6"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/us-foreign-aid-saved-millions" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile span-cols-3"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6b1dbe69-36c2-4089-8865-00bfba0e7200/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6b1dbe69-36c2-4089-8865-00bfba0e7200/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6b1dbe69-36c2-4089-8865-00bfba0e7200/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6b1dbe69-36c2-4089-8865-00bfba0e7200/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6b1dbe69-36c2-4089-8865-00bfba0e7200/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6b1dbe69-36c2-4089-8865-00bfba0e7200/w=2400 2400w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6b1dbe69-36c2-4089-8865-00bfba0e7200/w=2400" alt="Featured image" loading="lazy" width="2400" height="1260"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">Article · 12 min read</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">Foreign aid from the United States saved millions of lives each year</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">For decades, these aid programs received bipartisan support and made a difference. Cutting them will cost lives.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Simon van Teutem and Hannah Ritchie</p></a><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/wolbachia-neglected-tropical-diseases" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile span-cols-3"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b73cc19b-5461-4c8f-99dd-5ff063cbd900/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b73cc19b-5461-4c8f-99dd-5ff063cbd900/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b73cc19b-5461-4c8f-99dd-5ff063cbd900/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b73cc19b-5461-4c8f-99dd-5ff063cbd900/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b73cc19b-5461-4c8f-99dd-5ff063cbd900/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b73cc19b-5461-4c8f-99dd-5ff063cbd900/w=2400 2400w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/b73cc19b-5461-4c8f-99dd-5ff063cbd900/w=2400" alt="Featured image" loading="lazy" width="2400" height="1260"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">Article · 13 min read</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">How Wolbachia bacteria could help us tackle some of the world’s most neglected tropical diseases</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">A common bacterium can dramatically reduce the spread of dengue fever and other tropical diseases.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Hannah Ritchie</p></a></div><div class="span-cols-6 homepage-intro__see-all-work-button-container"><a href="/latest" class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion 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xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a></div></section></section><section class="article-block__latest-data-insights grid grid-cols-12-full-width span-cols-14 latest-data-insights-block"><header class="latest-data-insights-block__header span-cols-8 col-start-2 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><h2 class="h2-bold">Data Insights</h2><p class="body-2-regular">Bite-sized insights on how the world is changing, published every few days.</p></header><a href="/data-insights" class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion latest-data-insights-block__see-all-data-insights-button body-3-medium span-cols-4 col-start-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>See all Data Insights</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right owid-btn--icon-right" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a><div class="latest-data-insights span-cols-12 col-start-2"><div class="latest-data-insights__viewport"><div class="latest-data-insights__card-container"><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-0"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/5a8c90d6-4b50-43aa-9155-1dbf4f8c7900/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/5a8c90d6-4b50-43aa-9155-1dbf4f8c7900/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/5a8c90d6-4b50-43aa-9155-1dbf4f8c7900/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/5a8c90d6-4b50-43aa-9155-1dbf4f8c7900/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/5a8c90d6-4b50-43aa-9155-1dbf4f8c7900/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/5a8c90d6-4b50-43aa-9155-1dbf4f8c7900/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/5a8c90d6-4b50-43aa-9155-1dbf4f8c7900/w=1620" alt="The image depicts a line chart illustrating child mortality rates, specifically the estimated percentage of newborns who do not survive past the age of five. The chart has two distinct lines: one representing Sweden in blue and the other representing South Korea in red. 

Starting in the early 1800s, the blue line for Sweden shows a gradual decline in the child mortality rate, fluctuating around 35% at the beginning and continuing to decrease steadily over the years, reaching nearly 0% by 2023. 

In contrast, the red line for South Korea begins more steeply in the mid-20th century, experiencing a rapid decline after 1950, ultimately approaching a very low percentage by 2023. 

The title at the top reads &quot;Child mortality rate,&quot; and below it, descriptive text clarifies that the data reflects the estimated share of newborns who die before reaching five years old. The sources for the data are listed at the bottom as Gapminder (2015) and the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2025). The entire chart is labeled as CC BY for Creative Commons licensing." loading="lazy" width="1620" height="1620"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>Yesterday</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-0" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Declining child mortality, fast and slow</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">As this chart shows, two centuries ago, about one in three children in Sweden died before they were five years old.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">Since then, the child mortality rate in Sweden has declined to 0.3%.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">South Korea achieved a similar reduction much faster. This is often the case: the first countries to improve living conditions usually needed much longer than some of those countries catching up later — the latter can learn from what worked elsewhere.</span></p><div class="article-block__cta col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2 cta"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality?time=1800..latest&amp;country=IND~USA~IDN~PAK~NGA~BRA~KOR~SWE" class="span-link span-linked-chart"><span class="">Explore this data for every other country in the world</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="chart-line" class="svg-inline--fa fa-chart-line span-linked-chart-icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M64 64c0-17.7-14.3-32-32-32S0 46.3 0 64L0 400c0 44.2 35.8 80 80 80l400 0c17.7 0 32-14.3 32-32s-14.3-32-32-32L80 416c-8.8 0-16-7.2-16-16L64 64zm406.6 86.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3s-32.8-12.5-45.3 0L320 210.7l-57.4-57.4c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0l-112 112c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0L240 221.3l57.4 57.4c12.5 12.5 32.8 12.5 45.3 0l128-128z"></path></svg></a><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#second-most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-1"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c2efa02c-5d34-4fb6-3582-dea4853a9c00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c2efa02c-5d34-4fb6-3582-dea4853a9c00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c2efa02c-5d34-4fb6-3582-dea4853a9c00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c2efa02c-5d34-4fb6-3582-dea4853a9c00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c2efa02c-5d34-4fb6-3582-dea4853a9c00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c2efa02c-5d34-4fb6-3582-dea4853a9c00/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c2efa02c-5d34-4fb6-3582-dea4853a9c00/w=1620" alt="The image presents a bar graph illustrating the smoking rates among adults aged 15 years and older across various countries in Western Europe for the year 2022. The bar heights represent the percentage of adults who used any form of tobacco, excluding e-cigarettes. 

France has the highest smoking rate at 35%, followed closely by Greece at 33%. Spain follows with 28%, then Belgium at 27%, and Portugal, Switzerland, and Austria, all at 26%. Sweden reports a rate of 23%, while both Italy and Finland have rates of 22%. The Netherlands and Germany each have a smoking rate of 21%. Ireland reports 19%, Denmark at 16%, and the UK and Norway both have the lowest rates at 14%. 

Additionally, a note indicates that the smoking rates in France and Greece are more than twice as high as those in Denmark, the UK, or Norway. 

The data source is the World Health Organization, specifically the Global Health Observatory, and the information is labeled as &quot;CC BY,&quot; indicating it is licensed for reuse." loading="lazy" width="1620" height="1620"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>October 06</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-1" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Smoking rates vary a lot across Western Europe</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">As someone born and living in the United Kingdom, one thing I notice when visiting other countries in Western Europe is how much more common smoking is elsewhere.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">This is not just my imagination; this anecdotal evidence is backed up by the data on smoking rates.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">In the chart, you can see the share of adults who say they currently use tobacco products (mostly cigarettes, but chewing tobacco is also included) across a range of countries in Western Europe.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">The differences are large. In France and Greece, around one-third of adults use tobacco, more than twice the rate in countries like Denmark, the UK, and Norway.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">Given that smoking is one of the </span><span><span class="">leading risk factors</span></span><span class=""> for disease burden and premature death, these differences matter a lot for public health.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span class="">Explore how smoking rates compare in other parts of the world</span></span><span class="span-plain-arrow"> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#third-most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-2"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/17ab9ab5-7715-48aa-5db5-213175882b00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/17ab9ab5-7715-48aa-5db5-213175882b00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/17ab9ab5-7715-48aa-5db5-213175882b00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/17ab9ab5-7715-48aa-5db5-213175882b00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/17ab9ab5-7715-48aa-5db5-213175882b00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/17ab9ab5-7715-48aa-5db5-213175882b00/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/17ab9ab5-7715-48aa-5db5-213175882b00/w=1620" alt="A bar chart illustrates access to clean cooking fuels in various Asian countries in 2023. The title highlights that Bangladesh significantly lags behind its neighbors. Each bar represents the share of the population with access to clean cooking fuels, including natural gas, electricity, and clean cookstoves. 

China has the highest percentage at 89%, followed by Thailand at 87%, and India at 77%. Pakistan shows 55%, while Myanmar has 54%, and Nepal has 43%. Afghanistan&#x27;s percentage is 39%, Sri Lanka is at 35%, and Bangladesh is notably the lowest at 28%, marked in a darker color for emphasis. 

A note explains that the reliance on non-clean cooking fuels, such as biomass, can lead to pollution harmful to health. The data source is the World Health Organization and the Global Health Observatory, with a reference year of 2025." loading="lazy" width="1620" height="1620"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>October 03</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-2" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Access to clean cooking fuels in Bangladesh is far lower than in its Asian neighbors</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">Electricity access in Bangladesh </span><span><span class="">has transformed</span></span><span class=""> over my lifetime: from around 15% of the population 30 years ago, to 99% today.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">But progress on clean cooking fuels has lagged far behind. Fewer than 30% of households cook with gas, electricity, or improved stoves; most still rely on wood, crop waste, or straw. The chart shows that clean fuel usage is well below the levels reached by its Asian neighbors.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">The costs are huge. Using biomass for cooking damages forests and harms health because people breathe in smoke and particulates. In Bangladesh, deaths from indoor air pollution are </span><span><span class="">higher than the average in low-income countries</span></span><span class="">, even though those countries usually have worse overall health. Indoor air pollution is close to being the country’s </span><span><span class="">largest risk factor</span></span><span class=""> for early death.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">Why has progress been so slow? The main barrier is economic. Bangladesh produces very little liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), relying instead on volatile imports. Its lack of domestic distribution networks also pushes prices, making </span><span><span class="">clean cooking fuels expensive</span></span><span class=""> for consumers. Some of Bangladesh’s neighbors — like India — have given subsidies to help households switch; Bangladesh has not, making clean cooking fuels less affordable.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">Cultural factors also matter. Biomass is often seen as “free” and convenient, and families are used to traditional cookstoves and the flavors they generate. They might be unaware of how damaging this pollution is to their health and </span><span><span class="">skeptical of the damage</span></span><span class=""> that alternatives such as LPG could do.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span class="">Read my colleague Max Roser’s article — “The world’s energy problem” — for a global perspective on this issue</span></span><span class="span-plain-arrow"> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#fourth-most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-3"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6492860f-be4c-4daa-bf6c-7ea00d444b00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6492860f-be4c-4daa-bf6c-7ea00d444b00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6492860f-be4c-4daa-bf6c-7ea00d444b00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6492860f-be4c-4daa-bf6c-7ea00d444b00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6492860f-be4c-4daa-bf6c-7ea00d444b00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6492860f-be4c-4daa-bf6c-7ea00d444b00/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6492860f-be4c-4daa-bf6c-7ea00d444b00/w=1620" alt="The image displays a line graph illustrating the growth of nuclear electricity generation in France from 1970 to 2024, measured in terawatt-hours (TWh). The vertical axis, ranging from 0 to 500 TWh, indicates the amount of electricity generated, while the horizontal axis represents the years. 

Starting from near zero in 1970, the curve rises steeply, particularly in the 1980s, reflecting the rapid expansion of nuclear power. Key annotations highlight that the first commercial reactor was opened in 1964, and by 1980, nuclear generation was at 60 TWh. By 1990, this figure exceeded 300 TWh. 

The graph shows a general upward trend until 1999, with no new plants added until the anticipated opening of the Flamanville plant in 2024. After peaking, the curve indicates a decline in generation towards the end of the period shown. 

The bottom of the graph provides its data source, citing the Energy Institute and the Statistical Review of World Energy, published in 2025. The image is credited under the Creative Commons BY license." loading="lazy" width="1620" height="1620"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>October 01</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-3" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">France opened a flurry of nuclear power plants in the 1980s and 1990s, giving it low-carbon electricity ever since</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span class="">At the turn of the millennium, France had one of the </span><span><span class="">lowest-carbon electricity grids</span></span><span class=""> in Europe (and the world). While countries like the UK an

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