OK
https://ij.org/
Websites
Runtime: 2.1s
On August 30, 2025, 03:01 PM UTC, https://ij.org/ was accessible when tested on AS24757 in Ethiopia.
Failures
HTTP Experiment
null
DNS Experiment
null
Control
null
DNS Queries
Resolver:
196.188.116.212
Query:
IN A ij.org
Engine:
system
Name
Class
TTL
Type
DATA
@
IN
A
172.66.161.229
@
IN
A
104.20.32.99
TCP Connections
Connection to 172.66.161.229:443 succeeded.
Connection to 104.20.32.99:443 succeeded.
HTTP Requests
URL
GET https://ij.org/
Response Headers
Cache-Control:max-age=600, must-revalidateCf-Cache-Status:HITCf-Ray:97752a477a6aec21-ADDContent-Type:text/html; charset=UTF-8Date:Sat, 30 Aug 2025 15:01:44 GMTLast-Modified:Sat, 30 Aug 2025 15:01:07 GMTLink:<https://ij.org/wp-json/>; rel="https://api.w.org/"Server:cloudflareServer-Timing:cfCacheStatus;desc="HIT"Vary:Accept-EncodingX-Cache:HIT: 2X-Cache-Group:normalX-Cacheable:SHORTX-Powered-By:WP Engine
Response Body
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-us">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<script type="text/javascript">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var gform;gform||(document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",function(){gform.scriptsLoaded=!0}),document.addEventListener("gform/theme/scripts_loaded",function(){gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0}),window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",function(){gform.domLoaded=!0}),gform={domLoaded:!1,scriptsLoaded:!1,themeScriptsLoaded:!1,isFormEditor:()=>"function"==typeof InitializeEditor,callIfLoaded:function(o){return!(!gform.domLoaded||!gform.scriptsLoaded||!gform.themeScriptsLoaded&&!gform.isFormEditor()||(gform.isFormEditor()&&console.warn("The use of gform.initializeOnLoaded() is deprecated in the form editor context and will be removed in Gravity Forms 3.1."),o(),0))},initializeOnLoaded:function(o){gform.callIfLoaded(o)||(document.addEventListener("gform_main_scripts_loaded",()=>{gform.scriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),document.addEventListener("gform/theme/scripts_loaded",()=>{gform.themeScriptsLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}),window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",()=>{gform.domLoaded=!0,gform.callIfLoaded(o)}))},hooks:{action:{},filter:{}},addAction:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook("action",o,r,e,t)},addFilter:function(o,r,e,t){gform.addHook("filter",o,r,e,t)},doAction:function(o){gform.doHook("action",o,arguments)},applyFilters:function(o){return gform.doHook("filter",o,arguments)},removeAction:function(o,r){gform.removeHook("action",o,r)},removeFilter:function(o,r,e){gform.removeHook("filter",o,r,e)},addHook:function(o,r,e,t,n){null==gform.hooks[o][r]&&(gform.hooks[o][r]=[]);var d=gform.hooks[o][r];null==n&&(n=r+"_"+d.length),gform.hooks[o][r].push({tag:n,callable:e,priority:t=null==t?10:t})},doHook:function(r,o,e){var t;if(e=Array.prototype.slice.call(e,1),null!=gform.hooks[r][o]&&((o=gform.hooks[r][o]).sort(function(o,r){return o.priority-r.priority}),o.forEach(function(o){"function"!=typeof(t=o.callable)&&(t=window[t]),"action"==r?t.apply(null,e):e[0]=t.apply(null,e)})),"filter"==r)return e[0]},removeHook:function(o,r,t,n){var e;null!=gform.hooks[o][r]&&(e=(e=gform.hooks[o][r]).filter(function(o,r,e){return!!(null!=n&&n!=o.tag||null!=t&&t!=o.priority)}),gform.hooks[o][r]=e)}});
/* ]]> */
</script>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
<meta name="robots" content="noarchive">
<link rel="preload" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/george_retes-1920x1080.jpg" as="image" fetchpriority="high">
<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.7 - https://yoast.com/wordpress/plugins/seo/ -->
<title>The Institute for Justice</title>
<meta name="description" content="Founded in 1991, the Institute for Justice (IJ) is a nonprofit, public interest law firm." />
<link rel="canonical" href="https://ij.org/" />
<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
<meta property="og:title" content="The Institute for Justice" />
<meta property="og:description" content="Founded in 1991, the Institute for Justice litigates to end widespread abuses of power and secure vital constitutional rights. IJ litigates in state and federal courts around the country on behalf of our most fundamental rights, including private property, economic liberty, free speech and educational choice." />
<meta property="og:url" content="https://ij.org/" />
<meta property="og:site_name" content="Institute for Justice" />
<meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/instituteforjustice" />
<meta property="article:modified_time" content="2025-08-21T13:47:59+00:00" />
<meta property="og:image" content="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/IJ-Logo_1200x628.png" />
<meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" />
<meta property="og:image:height" content="628" />
<meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" />
<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
<meta name="twitter:title" content="The Institute for Justice" />
<meta name="twitter:description" content="The nation's only libertarian, civil liberties, public interest law firm. IJ litigates in state and federal courts around the country on behalf of our most fundamental rights, including private property, economic liberty, free speech and educational choice." />
<meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/IJ-Logo_1200x628_collage-07.png" />
<meta name="twitter:site" content="@ij" />
<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://ij.org/","url":"https://ij.org/","name":"The Institute for Justice","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://ij.org/#website"},"about":{"@id":"https://ij.org/#organization"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://ij.org/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://ij.org/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ijlogo.jpg","datePublished":"2014-12-23T13:37:18+00:00","dateModified":"2025-08-21T13:47:59+00:00","description":"Founded in 1991, the Institute for Justice (IJ) is a nonprofit, public interest law firm.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://ij.org/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://ij.org/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://ij.org/#primaryimage","url":"https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ijlogo.jpg","contentUrl":"https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ijlogo.jpg","width":600,"height":400},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://ij.org/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://ij.org/#website","url":"https://ij.org/","name":"Institute for Justice","description":"The National Lawfirm for Liberty","publisher":{"@id":"https://ij.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://ij.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://ij.org/#organization","name":"Institute for Justice","url":"https://ij.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://ij.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/IJ-logo-stacked-reverse.jpeg","contentUrl":"https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/IJ-logo-stacked-reverse.jpeg","width":468,"height":244,"caption":"Institute for Justice"},"image":{"@id":"https://ij.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/instituteforjustice","https://x.com/ij","https://www.instagram.com/institute_for_justice/","https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-for-justice/","https://www.youtube.com/user/InstituteForJustice"]}]}</script>
<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//js.hs-scripts.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//challenges.cloudflare.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//www.googletagmanager.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//fonts.googleapis.com' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='kadence-conversions-css' href='https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/kadence-conversions/assets/kadence-conversions.css?ver=1.1.1' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='kadence-blocks-advancedheading-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading mark{background:transparent;border-style:solid;border-width:0}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading mark.kt-highlight{color:#f76a0c;}.kb-adv-heading-icon{display: inline-flex;justify-content: center;align-items: center;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://ij.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='wp-block-library-theme-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-audio figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-audio{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-code{border:1px solid #ccc;border-radius:4px;font-family:Menlo,Consolas,monaco,monospace;padding:.8em 1em}.wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-embed figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-embed{margin:0 0 1em}.blocks-gallery-caption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .blocks-gallery-caption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-image figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-image{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-pullquote{border-bottom:4px solid;border-top:4px solid;color:currentColor;margin-bottom:1.75em}.wp-block-pullquote cite,.wp-block-pullquote footer,.wp-block-pullquote__citation{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;text-transform:uppercase}.wp-block-quote{border-left:.25em solid;margin:0 0 1.75em;padding-left:1em}.wp-block-quote cite,.wp-block-quote footer{color:currentColor;font-size:.8125em;font-style:normal;position:relative}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-right{border-left:none;border-right:.25em solid;padding-left:0;padding-right:1em}.wp-block-quote.has-text-align-center{border:none;padding-left:0}.wp-block-quote.is-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-large,.wp-block-quote.is-style-plain{border:none}.wp-block-search .wp-block-search__label{font-weight:700}.wp-block-search__button{border:1px solid #ccc;padding:.375em .625em}:where(.wp-block-group.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-separator.has-css-opacity{opacity:.4}.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-bottom:2px solid;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.wp-block-separator.has-alpha-channel-opacity{opacity:1}.wp-block-separator:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){width:100px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-dots){border-bottom:none;height:1px}.wp-block-separator.has-background:not(.is-style-wide):not(.is-style-dots){height:2px}.wp-block-table{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-table td,.wp-block-table th{word-break:normal}.wp-block-table figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-table figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video figcaption{color:#555;font-size:13px;text-align:center}.is-dark-theme .wp-block-video figcaption{color:#ffffffa6}.wp-block-video{margin:0 0 1em}.wp-block-template-part.has-background{margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;padding:1.25em 2.375em}
</style>
<style id='powerpress-player-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'>
</style>
<style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
/*! This file is auto-generated */
.wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none}
</style>
<style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'>
body{--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--primary: #0f757b;--wp--preset--color--primary-lt: #03a8ab;--wp--preset--color--primary-dk: #165d67;--wp--preset--color--secondary: #f7c157;--wp--preset--color--neutral: #5c6a79;--wp--preset--color--neutral-dk: #2b343e;--wp--preset--color--neutral-lt: #ebf3f3;--wp--preset--color--success: #28a745;--wp--preset--color--warning: #ffc107;--wp--preset--color--danger: #dc3545;--wp--preset--color--text-default: #1d2125;--wp--preset--color--text-light: #6c7781;--wp--preset--color--text-white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 14px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 24px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--normal: 18px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}body .is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}body .is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}body .is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}body .is-layout-flex > *{margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}body .is-layout-grid > *{margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}
.wp-block-navigation a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color: inherit;}
:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}
:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}
.wp-block-pullquote{font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;}
</style>
<link rel='stylesheet' id='google-fonts-css' href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Alegreya:ital,wght@0,400;0,700;1,400;1,700&family=Mulish:ital,wght@0,300;0,700;0,800;0,900;1,300;1,700;1,800;1,900' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='global-css' href='https://ij.org/wp-content/themes/ijorg/assets/css/global.min.css?ver=68c1fc838217c7' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='theme-css' href='https://ij.org/wp-content/themes/ijorg/assets/css/theme.min.css?ver=bc9e5ada0b9864' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='kadence-blocks-rowlayout-css' href='https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/kadence-blocks/dist/style-blocks-rowlayout.css?ver=3.3.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='kadence-blocks-column-css' href='https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/kadence-blocks/dist/style-blocks-column.css?ver=3.3.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ubermenu-css' href='https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/pro/assets/css/ubermenu.min.css?ver=3.7.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='ubermenu-grey-white-css' href='https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/ubermenu/assets/css/skins/blackwhite.css' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='kadence-blocks-pro-slider-css' href='https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/kadence-blocks-pro/dist/style-blocks-slider.css?ver=2.5.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<link rel='stylesheet' id='kadence-kb-splide-css' href='https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/kadence-blocks-pro/includes/assets/css/kadence-splide.min.css?ver=2.5.3' type='text/css' media='all' />
<style id='kadence-blocks-global-variables-inline-css' type='text/css'>
:root {--global-kb-font-size-sm:clamp(0.8rem, 0.73rem + 0.217vw, 0.9rem);--global-kb-font-size-md:clamp(1.1rem, 0.995rem + 0.326vw, 1.25rem);--global-kb-font-size-lg:clamp(1.75rem, 1.576rem + 0.543vw, 2rem);--global-kb-font-size-xl:clamp(2.25rem, 1.728rem + 1.63vw, 3rem);--global-kb-font-size-xxl:clamp(2.5rem, 1.456rem + 3.26vw, 4rem);--global-kb-font-size-xxxl:clamp(2.75rem, 0.489rem + 7.065vw, 6rem);}:root {--global-palette1: #3182CE;--global-palette2: #2B6CB0;--global-palette3: #1A202C;--global-palette4: #2D3748;--global-palette5: #4A5568;--global-palette6: #718096;--global-palette7: #EDF2F7;--global-palette8: #F7FAFC;--global-palette9: #ffffff;}
</style>
<style id='kadence_blocks_css-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading236417_6ac538-b9, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading236417_6ac538-b9[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading236417_6ac538-b9"]{margin-bottom:40px;text-align:center;font-size:var(--global-kb-font-size-md, 1.25rem);text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:1px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading236417_6ac538-b9 mark.kt-highlight, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading236417_6ac538-b9[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading236417_6ac538-b9"] mark.kt-highlight{letter-spacing:1px;color:#ffffff;background:#f7c157;padding-top:10px;padding-right:15px;padding-bottom:10px;padding-left:10px;}.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id2_0f5bf4-af{margin-top:30px;}.kb-row-layout-id2_0f5bf4-af > .kt-row-column-wrap{max-width:1100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id2_0f5bf4-af{border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2_0f5bf4-af > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column2_df3c21-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_df3c21-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_df3c21-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_df3c21-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_df3c21-cd > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}.kb-row-layout-id2_0d703c-1c > .kt-row-column-wrap{max-width:1100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:repeat(2, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id2_0d703c-1c{background-image:url('https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/flame.svg');background-size:20% auto;background-position:0% 24%;background-attachment:scroll;background-repeat:no-repeat;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px), only screen and (min-device-width: 1024px) and (max-device-width: 1366px) and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2) and (orientation: landscape) and (hover: none){.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id2_0d703c-1c{background-image:url('https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/flame.svg');background-size:50% auto;background-position:0% 40%;background-attachment:scroll;background-repeat:no-repeat;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2_0d703c-1c > .kt-row-column-wrap{row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id2_0d703c-1c{background-image:url('https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/flame.svg');background-size:130% auto;background-position:50% 0%;background-attachment:scroll;background-repeat:no-repeat;}}.kadence-column2_9e33e3-02 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column2_9e33e3-02 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:50px;padding-bottom:50px;}.kadence-column2_9e33e3-02 > .kt-inside-inner-col{row-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-none, 0rem );column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_9e33e3-02 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_9e33e3-02 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_9e33e3-02 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:25px;padding-left:25px;flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_9e33e3-02 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-right:25px;padding-left:25px;flex-direction:column;}}.kadence-column2_6fa2fb-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:0px;padding-right:50px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:50px;}.kadence-column2_6fa2fb-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_6fa2fb-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_6fa2fb-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_6fa2fb-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:25px;padding-bottom:25px;flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_6fa2fb-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;padding-top:0px;flex-direction:column;}.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column2_6fa2fb-a5{align-self:flex-start;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2_6fa2fb-a5{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2_6fa2fb-a5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;justify-content:flex-start;}}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_7923d1-ec, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_7923d1-ec[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading2_7923d1-ec"]{padding-bottom:20px;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_7923d1-ec, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_7923d1-ec[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading2_7923d1-ec"]{padding-bottom:15px;}}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_17be66-e8, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_17be66-e8[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading2_17be66-e8"]{padding-bottom:20px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_8058ec-91, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_8058ec-91[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading2_8058ec-91"]{padding-bottom:20px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_2359b0-f5, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_2359b0-f5[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading2_2359b0-f5"]{padding-bottom:20px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_0da74d-79, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_0da74d-79[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading2_0da74d-79"]{padding-bottom:20px;}.wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_6f9e66-57, .wp-block-kadence-advancedheading.kt-adv-heading2_6f9e66-57[data-kb-block="kb-adv-heading2_6f9e66-57"]{padding-bottom:20px;}.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id2_a5ccc2-52{margin-bottom:-30px;}.kb-row-layout-id2_a5ccc2-52 > .kt-row-column-wrap{max-width:750px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2_a5ccc2-52 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column2_a536e6-15 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:50px;}.kadence-column2_a536e6-15 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_a536e6-15 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_a536e6-15 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_a536e6-15 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_a536e6-15 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}.kb-row-layout-id2_f6a100-73 > .kt-row-column-wrap{max-width:750px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id2_f6a100-73{border-bottom:2px solid #f7c157;}.kb-row-layout-id2_f6a100-73{background-image:url('https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/mosaic_clients.jpg');background-size:contain;background-position:54% 52%;background-attachment:scroll;background-repeat:repeat;}.kb-row-layout-id2_f6a100-73 > .kt-row-layout-overlay{opacity:0.80;background-color:#0f757b;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kb-row-layout-id2_f6a100-73{border-bottom:2px solid #f7c157;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2_f6a100-73 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id2_f6a100-73{border-bottom:2px solid #f7c157;}}.kadence-column2_e40043-86 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:100px;padding-bottom:100px;}.kadence-column2_e40043-86 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_e40043-86 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_e40043-86 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_e40043-86 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_e40043-86 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}.kb-row-layout-id2_7b2764-48 > .kt-row-column-wrap{column-gap:40px;max-width:400px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));}.kb-row-layout-id2_7b2764-48{background-color:#1d2126;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2_7b2764-48 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:repeat(3, minmax(0, 1fr));}}.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:25px;padding-bottom:25px;}.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column2_f17db9-f5 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:25px;padding-bottom:25px;}.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column2_effc29-eb{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2_effc29-eb{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col{align-items:center;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column2_effc29-eb{align-self:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2_effc29-eb{align-self:auto;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col{align-items:center;}}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kt-row-column-wrap > .kadence-column2_effc29-eb{align-self:center;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2_effc29-eb{align-self:auto;}.kt-inner-column-height-full:not(.kt-has-1-columns) > .wp-block-kadence-column.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col{align-items:center;}.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column2_effc29-eb > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col{display:flex;}.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:25px;padding-bottom:25px;}.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;align-items:center;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;}}@media all and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;}.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > *, .kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-image, .kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > figure.wp-block-kadence-image{margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;}.kadence-column2_46e8d3-ae > .kt-inside-inner-col > .kb-image-is-ratio-size{flex-grow:1;}}.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id2_3420ab-ea{margin-bottom:0px;}.kb-row-layout-id2_3420ab-ea > .kt-row-column-wrap{max-width:1100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}.kb-row-layout-id2_3420ab-ea ,.kb-row-layout-id2_3420ab-ea h1,.kb-row-layout-id2_3420ab-ea h2,.kb-row-layout-id2_3420ab-ea h3,.kb-row-layout-id2_3420ab-ea h4,.kb-row-layout-id2_3420ab-ea h5,.kb-row-layout-id2_3420ab-ea h6{color:#ffffff;}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2_3420ab-ea > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column2_088d5f-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:50px;}.kadence-column2_088d5f-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_088d5f-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_088d5f-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}.kadence-column2_088d5f-40, .kadence-column2_088d5f-40 h1, .kadence-column2_088d5f-40 h2, .kadence-column2_088d5f-40 h3, .kadence-column2_088d5f-40 h4, .kadence-column2_088d5f-40 h5, .kadence-column2_088d5f-40 h6{color:#ffffff;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_088d5f-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_088d5f-40 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}.kb-row-layout-wrap.wp-block-kadence-rowlayout.kb-row-layout-id2_439885-0a{margin-bottom:-50px;}.kb-row-layout-id2_439885-0a > .kt-row-column-wrap{max-width:1100px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2_439885-0a > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column2_716a71-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col{padding-top:50px;}.kadence-column2_716a71-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_716a71-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_716a71-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_716a71-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_716a71-83 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}.kb-row-layout-id2_d868ad-c4 > .kt-row-column-wrap{max-width:750px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:repeat(4, minmax(0, 1fr));}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2_d868ad-c4 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column2_021193-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_021193-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_021193-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_021193-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_021193-33 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}.kadence-column2_bfcb3b-1f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_bfcb3b-1f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_bfcb3b-1f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_bfcb3b-1f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_bfcb3b-1f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}.kadence-column2_3c4b17-be > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_3c4b17-be > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_3c4b17-be > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_3c4b17-be > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_3c4b17-be > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}.kadence-column2_826a07-88 > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_826a07-88 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_826a07-88 > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_826a07-88 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_826a07-88 > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}.kb-row-layout-id2_64c53d-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap{max-width:750px;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:25px;grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kb-row-layout-id2_64c53d-10 > .kt-row-column-wrap{grid-template-columns:minmax(0, 1fr);}}.kadence-column2_65be4c-6f > .kt-inside-inner-col{column-gap:var(--global-kb-gap-sm, 1rem);}.kadence-column2_65be4c-6f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}.kadence-column2_65be4c-6f > .kt-inside-inner-col > .aligncenter{width:100%;}@media all and (max-width: 1024px){.kadence-column2_65be4c-6f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}@media all and (max-width: 767px){.kadence-column2_65be4c-6f > .kt-inside-inner-col{flex-direction:column;}}
</style>
<style id='kadence_blocks_pro_css-inline-css' type='text/css'>
.kb-advanced-slider-2_827186-da{--kb-adv-slider-gap:30px;}.kb-advanced-slider-2_827186-da .kb-slider-size-fixed .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{min-height:350px;}.kb-advanced-slider-2_827186-da .kb-advanced-slide-inner{max-width:400px;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_c10e17-d8 .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{align-items:center;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_c10e17-d8 .kb-advanced-slide-overlay{opacity:0.6;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_c10e17-d8 .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{background-color:rgba(242,242,242,0);}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_64eb9f-5c .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{align-items:center;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_64eb9f-5c .kb-advanced-slide-overlay{opacity:0.6;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_64eb9f-5c .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{background-color:rgba(15,117,123,0);}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_0a4fe2-ee .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{align-items:center;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_0a4fe2-ee .kb-advanced-slide-overlay{opacity:0.6;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_0a4fe2-ee .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{background-color:rgba(15,117,123,0);}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_639af3-49 .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{align-items:center;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_639af3-49 .kb-advanced-slide-overlay{opacity:0.6;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_639af3-49 .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{background-color:rgba(15,117,123,0);}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_bd7920-4a .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{align-items:center;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_bd7920-4a .kb-advanced-slide-overlay{opacity:0.6;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_bd7920-4a .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{background-color:rgba(15,117,123,0);}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_e56d08-e5 .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{align-items:center;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_e56d08-e5 .kb-advanced-slide-overlay{opacity:0.6;}.wp-block-kadence-slider .kb-slide-2_e56d08-e5 .kb-advanced-slide-inner-wrap{background-color:rgba(15,117,123,0);}
</style>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="3d-flip-book-client-locale-loader-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var FB3D_CLIENT_LOCALE = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","dictionary":{"Table of contents":"Table of contents","Close":"Close","Bookmarks":"Bookmarks","Thumbnails":"Thumbnails","Search":"Search","Share":"Share","Facebook":"Facebook","Twitter":"Twitter","Email":"Email","Play":"Play","Previous page":"Previous page","Next page":"Next page","Zoom in":"Zoom in","Zoom out":"Zoom out","Fit view":"Fit view","Auto play":"Auto play","Full screen":"Full screen","More":"More","Smart pan":"Smart pan","Single page":"Single page","Sounds":"Sounds","Stats":"Stats","Print":"Print","Download":"Download","Goto first page":"Goto first page","Goto last page":"Goto last page"},"images":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/interactive-3d-flipbook-powered-physics-engine\/assets\/images\/","jsData":{"urls":[],"posts":{"ids_mis":[],"ids":[]},"pages":[],"firstPages":[],"bookCtrlProps":[],"bookTemplates":[]},"key":"3d-flip-book","pdfJS":{"pdfJsLib":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/interactive-3d-flipbook-powered-physics-engine\/assets\/js\/pdf.min.js?ver=4.3.136","pdfJsWorker":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/interactive-3d-flipbook-powered-physics-engine\/assets\/js\/pdf.worker.js?ver=4.3.136","stablePdfJsLib":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/interactive-3d-flipbook-powered-physics-engine\/assets\/js\/stable\/pdf.min.js?ver=2.5.207","stablePdfJsWorker":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/interactive-3d-flipbook-powered-physics-engine\/assets\/js\/stable\/pdf.worker.js?ver=2.5.207","pdfJsCMapUrl":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/interactive-3d-flipbook-powered-physics-engine\/assets\/cmaps\/"},"cacheurl":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/3d-flip-book\/cache\/","pluginsurl":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/","pluginurl":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/interactive-3d-flipbook-powered-physics-engine\/","thumbnailSize":{"width":"150","height":"150"},"version":"1.16.15"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/interactive-3d-flipbook-powered-physics-engine/assets/js/client-locale-loader.js?ver=1.16.15" id="3d-flip-book-client-locale-loader-js" async="async" data-wp-strategy="async"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/wpo365-login/apps/dist/pintra-redirect.js?ver=34.2" id="pintraredirectjs-js" async></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/themes/ijorg/assets/js/popper.min.js?ver=1.16.1" id="popper-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/themes/ijorg/assets/js/bootstrap.min.js?ver=4.5.0" id="bootstrap-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/themes/ijorg/assets/js/accessible-slick.min.js?ver=1.0.1" id="slick-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill-inert.min.js?ver=3.1.2" id="wp-polyfill-inert-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/regenerator-runtime.min.js?ver=0.14.0" id="regenerator-runtime-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/wp-polyfill.min.js?ver=3.15.0" id="wp-polyfill-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-includes/js/dist/hooks.min.js?ver=2810c76e705dd1a53b18" id="wp-hooks-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-includes/js/dist/i18n.min.js?ver=5e580eb46a90c2b997e6" id="wp-i18n-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="wp-i18n-js-after">
/* <![CDATA[ */
wp.i18n.setLocaleData( { 'text direction\u0004ltr': [ 'ltr' ] } );
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/jquery.json.min.js?ver=2.9.2" id="gform_json-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="gform_gravityforms-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"0796f11cd32961ef53d51c78fe101298","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}};
var gform_i18n = {"datepicker":{"days":{"monday":"Mo","tuesday":"Tu","wednesday":"We","thursday":"Th","friday":"Fr","saturday":"Sa","sunday":"Su"},"months":{"january":"January","february":"February","march":"March","april":"April","may":"May","june":"June","july":"July","august":"August","september":"September","october":"October","november":"November","december":"December"},"firstDay":0,"iconText":"Select date"}};
var gf_legacy_multi = {"33":"1"};
var gform_gravityforms = {"strings":{"invalid_file_extension":"This type of file is not allowed. Must be one of the following:","delete_file":"Delete this file","in_progress":"in progress","file_exceeds_limit":"File exceeds size limit","illegal_extension":"This type of file is not allowed.","max_reached":"Maximum number of files reached","unknown_error":"There was a problem while saving the file on the server","currently_uploading":"Please wait for the uploading to complete","cancel":"Cancel","cancel_upload":"Cancel this upload","cancelled":"Cancelled"},"vars":{"images_url":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images"}};
var gf_global = {"gf_currency_config":{"name":"U.S. Dollar","symbol_left":"$","symbol_right":"","symbol_padding":"","thousand_separator":",","decimal_separator":".","decimals":2,"code":"USD"},"base_url":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms","number_formats":[],"spinnerUrl":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/gravityforms\/images\/spinner.svg","version_hash":"0796f11cd32961ef53d51c78fe101298","strings":{"newRowAdded":"New row added.","rowRemoved":"Row removed","formSaved":"The form has been saved. The content contains the link to return and complete the form."}};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="gform_gravityforms-js-before">
/* <![CDATA[ */
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/gravityforms.min.js?ver=2.9.2" id="gform_gravityforms-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="gform_conditional_logic-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var gf_legacy = {"is_legacy":"1"};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/js/conditional_logic.min.js?ver=2.9.2" id="gform_conditional_logic-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" defer='defer' src="https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/gravityforms/assets/js/dist/utils.min.js?ver=501a987060f4426fb517400c73c7fc1e" id="gform_gravityforms_utils-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="advancedpermissions-conditional_logic_frontend-js-extra">
/* <![CDATA[ */
var permissions = {"endpoints":{"user":"https:\/\/ij.org\/wp-json\/permissions\/users\/me"}};
/* ]]> */
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/forgravity-advancedpermissions/dist/js/conditional-logic/frontend.min.js?ver=1749686133" id="advancedpermissions-conditional_logic_frontend-js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/plugins/gp-easy-passthrough/js/vendor/js.cookie.js?ver=1.9.35" id="gpep_vendor_cookie-js"></script>
<!-- Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit -->
<!-- Google Analytics snippet added by Site Kit -->
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-N27N1GY6Q3" id="google_gtagjs-js" async></script>
<script type="text/javascript" id="google_gtagjs-js-after">
/* <![CDATA[ */
window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}
gtag("set","linker",{"domains":["ij.org"]});
gtag("js", new Date());
gtag("set", "developer_id.dZTNiMT", true);
gtag("config", "G-N27N1GY6Q3", {"googlesitekit_post_type":"page"});
/* ]]> */
</script>
<!-- End Google tag (gtag.js) snippet added by Site Kit -->
<link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://ij.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" type="application/json" href="https://ij.org/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/2" /><link rel='shortlink' href='https://ij.org/' />
<meta name="generator" content="Site Kit by Google 1.145.0" /> <!-- DO NOT COPY THIS SNIPPET! Start of Page Analytics Tracking for HubSpot WordPress plugin v11.1.82-->
<script class="hsq-set-content-id" data-content-id="standard-page">
var _hsq = _hsq || [];
_hsq.push(["setContentType", "standard-page"]);
</script>
<!-- DO NOT COPY THIS SNIPPET! End of Page Analytics Tracking for HubSpot WordPress plugin -->
<script type="text/javascript"><!--
function powerpress_pinw(pinw_url){window.open(pinw_url, 'PowerPressPlayer','toolbar=0,status=0,resizable=1,width=460,height=320'); return false;}
//-->
// tabnab protection
window.addEventListener('load', function () {
// make all links have rel="noopener noreferrer"
document.querySelectorAll('a[target="_blank"]').forEach(link => {
link.setAttribute('rel', 'noopener noreferrer');
});
});
</script>
<style id="ubermenu-custom-generated-css">
/** Font Awesome 4 Compatibility **/
.fa{font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;font-family:FontAwesome;}
/* Status: Loaded from Transient */
</style>
<!-- Google AdSense meta tags added by Site Kit -->
<meta name="google-adsense-platform-account" content="ca-host-pub-2644536267352236">
<meta name="google-adsense-platform-domain" content="sitekit.withgoogle.com">
<!-- End Google AdSense meta tags added by Site Kit -->
<!-- Meta Pixel Code -->
<script type='text/javascript'>
!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?
n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;
n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;
t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,
document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js?v=next');
</script>
<!-- End Meta Pixel Code -->
<script type='text/javascript'>
var url = window.location.origin + '?ob=open-bridge';
fbq('set', 'openbridge', '2338641343037033', url);
</script>
<script type='text/javascript'>fbq('init', '2338641343037033', {}, {
"agent": "wordpress-6.5.2-3.0.16"
})</script><script type='text/javascript'>
fbq('track', 'PageView', []);
</script>
<!-- Meta Pixel Code -->
<noscript>
<img height="1" width="1" style="display:none" alt="fbpx"
src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=2338641343037033&ev=PageView&noscript=1" />
</noscript>
<!-- End Meta Pixel Code -->
<!-- Google Tag Manager snippet added by Site Kit -->
<script type="text/javascript">
/* <![CDATA[ */
( function( w, d, s, l, i ) {
w[l] = w[l] || [];
w[l].push( {'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js'} );
var f = d.getElementsByTagName( s )[0],
j = d.createElement( s ), dl = l != 'dataLayer' ? '&l=' + l : '';
j.async = true;
j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl;
f.parentNode.insertBefore( j, f );
} )( window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-T86XT76' );
/* ]]> */
</script>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager snippet added by Site Kit -->
<style id="uagb-style-conditional-extension">@media (min-width: 1025px){body .uag-hide-desktop.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-desktop{display:none !important}}@media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px){body .uag-hide-tab.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-tab{display:none !important}}@media (max-width: 767px){body .uag-hide-mob.uagb-google-map__wrap,body .uag-hide-mob{display:none !important}}</style><link rel="icon" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" />
<link rel="icon" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-192x192.png" sizes="192x192" />
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-180x180.png" />
<meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-270x270.png" />
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-16x16.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-32x32.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-96x96.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="120x120" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-120x120.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="152x152" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-152x152.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="167x167" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-167x167.png">
<link rel="apple-touch-icon" type="image/png" sizes="180x180" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/cropped-ij-favicon-180x180.png">
<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/themes/ijorg/assets/images/favicon.svg">
<link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://ij.org/wp-content/themes/ijorg/assets/images/favicon.ico">
<meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="IJ">
<meta name="msapplication-config" content="https://ij.org/wp-content/themes/ijorg/assets/browserconfig.xml">
</head>
<body class="home page-template page-template-template-no-newsletter page-template-template-no-newsletter-php page page-id-2">
<!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) snippet added by Site Kit -->
<noscript>
<iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-T86XT76" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe>
</noscript>
<!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) snippet added by Site Kit -->
<header class="site-hero has-background long-title" role="banner">
<div class="navbar site-navbar transparent-navbar" role="navigation">
<div class="container">
<div class="navbar-logo">
<a href="https://ij.org">
<img class="logo-thumbnail" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/themes/ijorg/assets/images/logo-ij.svg" alt="Institute for Justice">
</a>
</div><!-- /.navbar-logo -->
<button type="button" class="navbar-toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbar-content" aria-controls="navbar-content" aria-expanded="false">
<span class="sr-only">Toggle navigation</span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
<span class="icon-bar"></span>
</button>
<div class="navbar-collapse collapse" id="navbar-content">
<div class="collapse-content">
<div class="navbar-auxiliary">
<ul class="auxiliary-items">
<li class="auxiliary-item">
<a class="btn btn-primary menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-182340" href="https://ij.org/report-abuse/" title="Report Abuse">Report Abuse</a>
</li>
<li class="auxiliary-item">
<a class="btn btn-secondary menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-182359" href="/support/give-now/" title="Give Now">Give Now</a>
</li>
</ul><!-- /.auxiliary-items -->
</div><!-- /.navbar-auxiliary -->
<div class="desktop-nav">
<!-- UberMenu [Configuration:main] [Theme Loc:] [Integration:api] -->
<button class="ubermenu-responsive-toggle ubermenu-responsive-toggle-main ubermenu-skin-grey-white ubermenu-loc- ubermenu-responsive-toggle-content-align-left ubermenu-responsive-toggle-align-full " tabindex="0" data-ubermenu-target="ubermenu-main-844"><i class="fas fa-bars" ></i>Menu</button><nav id="ubermenu-main-844" class="ubermenu ubermenu-nojs ubermenu-main ubermenu-menu-844 ubermenu-responsive ubermenu-responsive-default ubermenu-responsive-collapse ubermenu-horizontal ubermenu-transition-shift ubermenu-trigger-hover_intent ubermenu-skin-grey-white ubermenu-bar-align-full ubermenu-items-align-auto ubermenu-disable-submenu-scroll ubermenu-sub-indicators ubermenu-retractors-responsive ubermenu-submenu-indicator-closes"><ul id="ubermenu-nav-main-844" class="ubermenu-nav" data-title="Main Menu"><li id="menu-item-182490" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182490 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-noindicator" href="https://ij.org/issues/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Issues</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182490 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width" ><li id="menu-item-182498" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182498 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-full" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/issues/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">All Issues</span></a></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182552 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182552"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182552 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182553" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182553 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/issues/private-property/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-16x9-small" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Kelo-Feature-2018-2-768x432.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Kelo-Feature-2018-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Kelo-Feature-2018-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/Kelo-Feature-2018-2-1280x720.jpg 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" width="768" height="432" alt="Kelo-Feature-2018-2" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Private Property</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">IJ defends the right of all Americans to own and enjoy their property free from unjust seizures, searches, and fines.</div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182548 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182548"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182548 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182554" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182554 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/issues/first-amendment/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-16x9-small" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WI_SLAPP_Defamation_Kelly-Gallaher_2045-768x432-1.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WI_SLAPP_Defamation_Kelly-Gallaher_2045-768x432-1.jpg 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WI_SLAPP_Defamation_Kelly-Gallaher_2045-1024x576-1.jpg 1024w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WI_SLAPP_Defamation_Kelly-Gallaher_2045-1280x720-1.jpg 1280w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WI_SLAPP_Defamation_Kelly-Gallaher_2045-1920x1080-1.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" width="768" height="432" alt="WI_SLAPP_Defamation_Kelly-Gallaher_2045" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">First Amendment</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">IJ fights for the right to speak freely about the issues that matter most to ordinary people and to defend the free flow of information essential to democratic government and free enterprise.</div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182551 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182551"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182551 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182555" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182555 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/issues/school-choice/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-16x9-small" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Colorado-School-Choice-Rally-2Botero-R1-006-1A-768x432.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Colorado-School-Choice-Rally-2Botero-R1-006-1A-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Colorado-School-Choice-Rally-2Botero-R1-006-1A-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Colorado-School-Choice-Rally-2Botero-R1-006-1A-1280x720.jpg 1280w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" width="768" height="432" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Educational Choice</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">IJ stands for the idea that every child deserves a chance at a great education and that all parents, regardless of means, should enjoy the freedom to direct their children’s education.</div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182550 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182550"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182550 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182556" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182556 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/issues/economic-liberty/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-16x9-small" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carolina-beach-foodtrucks-harley-bruce-IJ2_9678-768x432.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carolina-beach-foodtrucks-harley-bruce-IJ2_9678-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carolina-beach-foodtrucks-harley-bruce-IJ2_9678-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carolina-beach-foodtrucks-harley-bruce-IJ2_9678-1280x720.jpg 1280w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/carolina-beach-foodtrucks-harley-bruce-IJ2_9678-1920x1080.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" width="768" height="432" alt="carolina-beach-foodtrucks-harley-bruce-IJ2_9678" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Economic Liberty</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">IJ believes that all people have the right to earn an honest living in the occupation of their choice without arbitrary, unnecessary, or protectionist government interference.</div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182549 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182549"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182549 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182557" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182557 ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-stack" ><span class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Projects</span></span><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182557 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182562" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182562 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-3 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/issues/project-on-immunity-and-accountability/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Project on Immunity and Accountability</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-184575" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-184575 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-3 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="/issues/private-property/civil-forfeiture/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">End Forfeiture Initiative</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-183039" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-183039 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-3 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/issues/ijs-project-on-the-4th-amendment/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Project on the Fourth Amendment</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-183040" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-183040 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-3 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/issues/economic-liberty/homemade-food/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Food Freedom Initiative</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-242449" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-242449 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-3 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/issues/zoning-justice/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Zoning Justice Project</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-182493" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182493 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-noindicator" href="https://ij.org/cases/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Cases</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182493 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width" ><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182494 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182494"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182494 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><!-- begin Dynamic Posts: [Dynamic Posts] ID[182497] count[1] --><li id="menu-item-182497-post-251908" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-dynamic-post ubermenu-item-182497 ubermenu-item-182497-post-251908 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/case/albuquerque-homelessness/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/NM_Albuquerque-Homelessness_Gillam-Kerley_IJ__0024-300x200.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/NM_Albuquerque-Homelessness_Gillam-Kerley_IJ__0024-300x200.jpg 300w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/NM_Albuquerque-Homelessness_Gillam-Kerley_IJ__0024-1024x683.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="200" alt="NM_Albuquerque-Homelessness_Gillam-Kerley_IJ__0024" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Albuquerque Homelessness</span><span class="ubermenu-target-description ubermenu-target-text"></span></a></li><!-- end Dynamic Posts: [Dynamic Posts] ID[182497] --></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182495 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182495"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182495 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182533" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182533 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/cases/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Recent Cases</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">IJ is in court nationwide defending individual liberty. Check out some of our latest cases.</div></li><li id="menu-item-182492" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182492 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/cases/supreme-court-cases/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">U.S. Supreme Court Cases</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">We fight for our clients at every level of the legal system, and we’ve been to the U.S. Supreme Court 13 times to date.</div></li><li id="menu-item-238243" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-238243 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/cases/hearings/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Hearings</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">Tune in to hear IJ advocates defending our clients’ rights</div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182496 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182496"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182496 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182534" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182534 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/cases/amicus-briefs/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Amicus Briefs</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">IJ occasionally participates in cases that we aren’t litigating, but that have important implications for our mission. </div></li><li id="menu-item-182491" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182491 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/cases/all-cases/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Complete Case List</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">A look at every case we have filed, past and present.</div></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-182499" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182499 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-content-align-center ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-noindicator" href="#" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">What We Do</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182499 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width ubermenu-submenu-content-align-center" ><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182535 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182535"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182535 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182541" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182541 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/cases/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SCOTUS_building_sunny_DF4A7311-300x200.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SCOTUS_building_sunny_DF4A7311-300x200.jpg 300w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SCOTUS_building_sunny_DF4A7311-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SCOTUS_building_sunny_DF4A7311-768x512.jpg 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/SCOTUS_building_sunny_DF4A7311-1536x1025.jpg 1536w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="200" alt="SCOTUS_building_sunny_DF4A7311_Supreme Court_Feature" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Litigation</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">IJ files cutting-edge constitutional cases in state and federal courts to defend the rights of our clients and set legal precedent that protects countless others like them.</div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182536 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182536"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182536 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-183169" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-183169 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/research/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WHAT-WE-DO-RESEARCH-Elyse-SmithIJ2_2633-scaled-1-300x205.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WHAT-WE-DO-RESEARCH-Elyse-SmithIJ2_2633-scaled-1-300x205.jpg 300w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WHAT-WE-DO-RESEARCH-Elyse-SmithIJ2_2633-scaled-1-1024x700.jpg 1024w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WHAT-WE-DO-RESEARCH-Elyse-SmithIJ2_2633-scaled-1-768x525.jpg 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WHAT-WE-DO-RESEARCH-Elyse-SmithIJ2_2633-scaled-1-1536x1050.jpg 1536w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/WHAT-WE-DO-RESEARCH-Elyse-SmithIJ2_2633-scaled-1-2048x1400.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="205" alt="WHAT-WE-DO-RESEARCH-Elyse-SmithIJ2_2633-scaled" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Research</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">IJ produces one-of-a-kind, high-quality research to enhance our effectiveness in court, educate the public, and shape public debate around our key issues.</div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182538 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182538"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182538 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182544" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182544 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/legislative-advocacy/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/capitol-300x205.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/capitol-300x205.jpg 300w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/capitol.jpg 768w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="205" alt="capitol" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Legislation</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">IJ provides principled advocacy and issue-area expertise to support legislation that expands individual liberty and protects vital constitutional rights.</div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182537 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182537"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182537 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182542" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182542 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/activism/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/rally_DS15874-300x199.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/rally_DS15874-300x199.jpg 300w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/rally_DS15874-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/rally_DS15874-768x510.jpg 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/rally_DS15874-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/rally_DS15874-1568x1041.jpg 1568w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/rally_DS15874.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="199" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Activism</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">IJ trains and mobilizes the public to be advocates for freedom and justice in their own communities.</div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182539 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-5 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182539"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182539 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182545" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182545 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="https://ij.org/ij-clinic-on-entrepreneurship/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/logo_ij_clinic-300x130.png" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/logo_ij_clinic-300x130.png 300w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/logo_ij_clinic-768x332.png 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/logo_ij_clinic.png 855w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="130" alt="logo_ij_clinic" /></a></li><li id="menu-item-182547" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182547 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="https://ij.org/center-for-judicial-engagement/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cjelogoweb_-1.png" width="290" height="103" alt="cjelogoweb_" /></a></li><li id="menu-item-212569" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-212569 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above ubermenu-item-notext" href="https://ij.org/center-for-judicial-engagement/sc/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/logo_short-circuit-transparent-300x196.png" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/logo_short-circuit-transparent-300x196.png 300w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/logo_short-circuit-transparent-1024x669.png 1024w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/logo_short-circuit-transparent-768x502.png 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/logo_short-circuit-transparent.png 1278w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="196" alt="logo_short-circuit-transparent" /></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-182500" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182500 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-noindicator" href="#" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Media</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182500 ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width" ><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182523 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182523"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182523 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><!-- begin Dynamic Posts: [Dynamic Posts] ID[182526] count[1] --><li id="menu-item-182526-post-251531" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-dynamic-post ubermenu-item-182526 ubermenu-item-182526-post-251531 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/ll-issue/august-2025-volume-34-issue-4/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/LibertyLaw-2025-08-August-Cover-232x300.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/LibertyLaw-2025-08-August-Cover-232x300.jpg 232w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/LibertyLaw-2025-08-August-Cover-791x1024.jpg 791w" sizes="(max-width: 232px) 100vw, 232px" width="232" height="300" alt="LibertyLaw 2025 08 August-Cover" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">August 2025 Volume 34, Issue 4</span></a></li><!-- end Dynamic Posts: [Dynamic Posts] ID[182526] --></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182524 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182524"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182524 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182527" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182527 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/news-and-updates/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">News & Updates</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">Get the latest on IJ’s cases and activities.</div></li><li id="menu-item-182529" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182529 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/press-releases/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Press Releases</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">Breaking news from IJ, including case updates.</div></li><li id="menu-item-243460" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-243460 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/letters-statements/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Letters & Statements</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">Read the latest warnings IJ has issued to government officials for their unconstitutional actions.</div></li><li id="menu-item-182528" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182528 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/podcasts/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Podcasts</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">Listen to IJ attorneys and guests discuss the freedom, justice, and the law.</div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182525 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-3 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182525"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182525 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182530" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182530 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/news-and-updates/ij-in-the-news/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">IJ in the News</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">Highlights of news outlets’ coverage of IJ’s work.</div></li><li id="menu-item-182531" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182531 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/news-and-updates/liberty-and-law/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Liberty & Law Magazine</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">Read about IJ’s most important work with stories directly from the people in the trenches.</div></li><li id="menu-item-182532" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182532 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/videos/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Videos</span></a><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded">See our clients talk about their experiences and learn how we are fighting for their rights—and yours.</div></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-182503" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182503 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-noindicator" href="https://ij.org/support/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Support IJ</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182503 ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width" ><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-236475 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-236475"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-236475 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-236489" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-236489 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/support/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-16x9-small" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/donate-graphic-2021-november-v01-768x432.png" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/donate-graphic-2021-november-v01-768x432.png 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/donate-graphic-2021-november-v01-1024x576.png 1024w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/donate-graphic-2021-november-v01-1280x720.png 1280w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/donate-graphic-2021-november-v01-1920x1080-1.png 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" width="768" height="432" alt="donate-graphic-2021-november-v01" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Support the Institute for Justice</span></a></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-236476 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-hide-mobile ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-236476"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-236476 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-236487" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-236487 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-hide-mobile" ><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded"><p>IJ represents our clients at no cost to them—and when we win, we secure precedent that protects the rights of all Americans.
</p></div></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-236477 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-236477"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-236477 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-236478" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-236478 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/support/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Ways to Support IJ</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-236479" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-236479 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/support/give-now/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Donate Online</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-236480" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-236480 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/support/donate-stock/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Donate Stock</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-236481" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-236481 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/support/monthly-giving/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Monthly Giving</span></a></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-236482 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-236482"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-236482 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-236483" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-236483 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/support/partners-club/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Partners Club</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-236484" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-236484 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.plannedgiving.org/ij/articles/254.html"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Donate through your IRA</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-236485" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-236485 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.plannedgiving.org/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Planned Gifts</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-236486" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-236486 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="/support#additional-ways"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Additional Ways to Give</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-182513" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182513 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-noindicator" href="https://ij.org/about-us/" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">About Us</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182513 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-full_width" ><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182508 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182508"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182508 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182514" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182514 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/about-us/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ijlogo-300x200.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ijlogo-300x200.jpg 300w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ijlogo.jpg 600w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="200" alt="ijlogo" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">About Us</span></a></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182509 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182509"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182509 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-182519" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182519 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-target-with-image ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-image_above" href="https://ij.org/about-us/staff/"><img class="ubermenu-image ubermenu-image-size-medium" src="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/litigation-lunch-table-IJ2_0109-300x196.jpg" srcset="https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/litigation-lunch-table-IJ2_0109-300x196.jpg 300w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/litigation-lunch-table-IJ2_0109-1024x670.jpg 1024w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/litigation-lunch-table-IJ2_0109-768x503.jpg 768w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/litigation-lunch-table-IJ2_0109-1536x1005.jpg 1536w, https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/litigation-lunch-table-IJ2_0109-2048x1340.jpg 2048w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" width="300" height="196" alt="litigation-lunch-table-IJ2_0109" /><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Staff</span></a></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182510 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182510"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182510 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-186396" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-186396 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/about-us/contact-us/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Contact Us</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-183862" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-183862 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/careers/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Careers</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-183810" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-183810 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/working-at-ij/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Working at IJ</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-182520" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182520 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/opportunities/students/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Students</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-183811" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-183811 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/opportunities/attorney-pathways-at-ij/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Attorney Pathways at IJ</span></a></li></ul></li><li class=" ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-ubermenu-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182511 ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-1-4 ubermenu-has-submenu-stack ubermenu-item-type-column ubermenu-column-id-182511"><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182511 ubermenu-submenu-type-stack" ><li id="menu-item-183864" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-183864 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="/events/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Events & Speakers</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-182517" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182517 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/about-us/honors-and-accolades/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Honors and Accolades</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-182518" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182518 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/about-us/state-offices/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">State Offices</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-183847" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-183847 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/about-us/financial-reports/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Financial Reports</span></a></li><li id="menu-item-182515" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-post_type ubermenu-item-object-page ubermenu-item-182515 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-normal ubermenu-item-level-2 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only" href="https://ij.org/about-us/board-of-directors/"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Board of Directors</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li id="menu-item-182506" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-has-children ubermenu-item-182506 ubermenu-item-level-0 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto ubermenu-has-submenu-drop ubermenu-has-submenu-mega ubermenu-submenu-rtl" ><a class="ubermenu-target ubermenu-item-layout-default ubermenu-item-layout-text_only ubermenu-noindicator" href="#" tabindex="0"><span class="ubermenu-target-title ubermenu-target-text">Search</span></a><ul class="ubermenu-submenu ubermenu-submenu-id-182506 ubermenu-submenu-type-auto ubermenu-submenu-type-mega ubermenu-submenu-drop ubermenu-submenu-align-right_edge_item" ><li id="menu-item-182507" class="ubermenu-item ubermenu-item-type-custom ubermenu-item-object-custom ubermenu-item-182507 ubermenu-item-auto ubermenu-item-header ubermenu-item-level-1 ubermenu-column ubermenu-column-auto" ><div class="ubermenu-content-block ubermenu-custom-content ubermenu-custom-content-padded"> <!-- UberMenu Search Bar -->
<div class="ubermenu-search">
<form role="search" method="get" class="ubermenu-searchform" action="https://ij.org/">
<label for="ubermenu-search-field">
<span class="ubermenu-sr-only">Search</span>
</label>
<input type="text" placeholder="Search..." value="" name="s" class="ubermenu-search-input ubermenu-search-input-autofocus" id="ubermenu-search-field"/>
<button type="submit" class="ubermenu-search-submit">
<i class="fas fa-search" title="Search" aria-hidden="true"></i>
<span class="ubermenu-sr-only">Search</span>
</button>
</form>
</div>
<!-- end .ubermenu-search -->
</div></li></ul></li></ul></nav>
<!-- End UberMenu -->
</div><!-- /.desktop-nav -->
<nav class="mobile-nav">
<ul class="navbar-nav" role="menubar">
<li class="menu-item">
<a class="menu-link" href="https://ij.org/issues/">Issues</a>
<ul class="navbar-subnav">
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/issues/">All Issues</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/issues/private-property/">Private Property</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/issues/first-amendment/">First Amendment</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/issues/school-choice/">Educational Choice</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/issues/economic-liberty/">Economic Liberty</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="#">Projects</a>
<ul class="navbar-subnav">
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/issues/project-on-immunity-and-accountability/">Project on Immunity and Accountability</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="/issues/private-property/civil-forfeiture/">End Forfeiture Initiative</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/issues/ijs-project-on-the-4th-amendment/">Project on the Fourth Amendment</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/issues/economic-liberty/homemade-food/">Food Freedom Initiative</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/issues/zoning-justice/">Zoning Justice Project</a>
</li>
</ul><!-- /.navbar-subnav -->
</li>
</ul><!-- /.navbar-subnav -->
</li>
<li class="menu-item">
<a class="menu-link" href="https://ij.org/cases/">Cases</a>
<ul class="navbar-subnav">
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/cases/">Recent Cases</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/cases/supreme-court-cases/">U.S. Supreme Court Cases</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/cases/hearings/">Hearings</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/cases/amicus-briefs/">Amicus Briefs</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/cases/all-cases/">Complete Case List</a>
</li>
</ul><!-- /.navbar-subnav -->
</li>
<li class="menu-item">
<a class="menu-link" href="#">What We Do</a>
<ul class="navbar-subnav">
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/cases/">Litigation</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/research/">Research</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/legislative-advocacy/">Legislation</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/activism/">Activism</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/ij-clinic-on-entrepreneurship/">IJ Clinic on Entrepreneurship</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/center-for-judicial-engagement/">Center for Judicial Engagement</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/center-for-judicial-engagement/sc/">Short Circuit</a>
</li>
</ul><!-- /.navbar-subnav -->
</li>
<li class="menu-item">
<a class="menu-link" href="#">Media</a>
<ul class="navbar-subnav">
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/news-and-updates/">News & Updates</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/press-releases/">Press Releases</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/letters-statements/">Letters & Statements</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/podcasts/">Podcasts</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/news-and-updates/ij-in-the-news/">IJ in the News</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/news-and-updates/liberty-and-law/">Liberty & Law Magazine</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/videos/">Videos</a>
</li>
</ul><!-- /.navbar-subnav -->
</li>
<li class="menu-item">
<a class="menu-link" href="https://ij.org/support/">Support IJ</a>
<ul class="navbar-subnav">
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/support/">Support the Institute for Justice</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/support/">Ways to Support IJ</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/support/give-now/">Donate Online</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/support/donate-stock/">Donate Stock</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/support/monthly-giving/">Monthly Giving</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/support/partners-club/">Partners Club</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.plannedgiving.org/ij/articles/254.html">Donate through your IRA</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.plannedgiving.org/">Planned Gifts</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="/support#additional-ways">Additional Ways to Give</a>
</li>
</ul><!-- /.navbar-subnav -->
</li>
<li class="menu-item">
<a class="menu-link" href="https://ij.org/about-us/">About Us</a>
<ul class="navbar-subnav">
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/about-us/">About Us</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/about-us/staff/">Staff</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/about-us/contact-us/">Contact Us</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/careers/">Careers</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/working-at-ij/">Working at IJ</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/opportunities/students/">Students</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/opportunities/attorney-pathways-at-ij/">Attorney Pathways at IJ</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="/events/">Events & Speakers</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/about-us/honors-and-accolades/">Honors and Accolades</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/about-us/state-offices/">State Offices</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/about-us/financial-reports/">Financial Reports</a>
</li>
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="https://ij.org/about-us/board-of-directors/">Board of Directors</a>
</li>
</ul><!-- /.navbar-subnav -->
</li>
<li class="menu-item">
<a class="menu-link" href="#">Search</a>
<ul class="navbar-subnav">
<li class="menu-subitem">
<a class="menu-sublink" href="#">Search Menu</a>
</li>
</ul><!-- /.navbar-subnav -->
</li>
</ul><!-- /.navbar-nav -->
</nav><!-- /.mobile-nav -->
<form class="searchform navbar-search" method="get" action="/" role="search">
<div class="input-wrapper">
<label class="screen-reader-text" for="s">Search</label>
<input class="form-control" type="search" name="s" value="" placeholder="Search">
<i class="search-icon fas fa-search" aria-hidden="true"></i>
</div><!-- /.input-wrapper -->
</form><!-- /.searchform -->
</div><!-- /.collapse-content -->
</div><!-- /.navbar-collapse -->
</div><!-- /.container -->
</div><!-- /.navbar -->
<div class="hero-wrapper default-background-size has-background-image text-color-default">
<div class="hero-bg focal-bg" style="background-size:cover;background-image:url(https://ij.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/george_retes-1920x1080.jpg);background-position:43% 25%;" aria-hidden="true" data-focus-top="0.25" data-focus-left="0.43" data-focus-bottom="0.38" data-focus-right="0.55"></div>
<div class="top-overlay" style="opacity:0.7" aria-hidden="true"></div>
<div class="hero-content">
<div class="container">
<div class="bottom-overlay" style="opacity:0.8" aria-hidden="true"></div>
<div class="title-wrapper">
<h1 class="hero-title"><a href="https://ij.org/press-release/us-citizen-and-army-veteran-submits-claims-for-unconstitutional-immigration-detention/">US Citizen and Army Veteran Submits Claims for Unconstitutional Immigration Detention</a></h1>
<p class="hero-more">
<a class="btn btn-primary" href="https://ij.org/press-release/us-citizen-and-army-veteran-submits-claims-for-unconstitutional-immigration-detention/">Learn More</a>
</p>
</div><!-- /.title-wrapper -->
</div><!-- /.container -->
</div><!-- /.hero-content -->
</div><!-- /.hero-wrapper -->
<div class="external-title">
<h1 class="hero-title"><a href="https://ij.org/press-release/us-citizen-and-army-veteran-submits-claims-for-unconstitutional-immigration-detention/">US Citizen and Army Veteran Submits Claims for Unconstitutional Immigration Detention</a></h1>
<p class="hero-more">
<a class="btn btn-primary" href="https://ij.org/press-release/us-citizen-and-army-veteran-submits-claims-for-unconstitutional-immigration-detention/">Learn More</a>
</p>
</div>
</header><!-- /.site-hero --> <div class="page-content">
<main class="site-main" id="site-main" role="main">
<div class="gutenberg-content">
<section class="acf-block-block-featured-video has-background has-logo alignfull" id="block_b3b18ef6977127b6eaa5a5d37527748e">
<div class="container">
<div class="block-media">
<div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9">
<iframe class="embed-responsive-item" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n5hzbO5SQGk?rel=0" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>
</div>
</div>
<div class="block-content">
<div class="block-logo"></div>
<h2 class="block-title">About the Institute for Justice</h2>
<p class="block-excerpt">IJ is a nonprofit, public interest law firm. Our mission is to end widespread abuses of government power and secure the constitutional rights that allow all Americans to pursue their dreams. </p>
<p class="more">
<a class="btn btn-light" href="/about-us/">About Us</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</section>
<div style="height:30px" aria-hidden="true" class="wp-block-spacer"></div>
<div class="kb-row-layout-wrap kb-row-layout-id2_0f5bf4-af alignfull has-neutral-lt-background-color kt-row-has-bg site-form top-form wp-block-kadence-rowlayout"><div class="kt-row-column-wrap kt-has-1-columns kt-row-layout-equal kt-tab-layout-inherit kt-mobile-layout-row kt-row-valign-top">
<div class="wp-block-kadence-column kadence-column2_df3c21-cd"><div class="kt-inside-inner-col">
<h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center is-style-section-alt-heading">Stay Informed</h2>
<p class="has-text-align-center">Sign up to receive IJ’s biweekly digital magazine, <em>Liberty & Law</em>, along with breaking updates about our fight to protect the rights of all Americans.</p>
<style>
.top-form{
padding-top:25px;
padding-bottom:25px;
}
.top-form .gform_wrapper input[type=email], .top-form .gform_wrapper input[type=text], .top-form .gform_wrapper select, .site-form .gform_wrapper textarea{
background-color: #fff;
border: 1px solid #ced4da;
color: #495057;
}
.top-form .gform_wrapper input[type=email]::placeholder, .top-form .gform_wrapper input[type=text]::placeholder, .top-form .gform_wrapper select::placeholder, .top-form .gform_wrapper textarea::placeholder{
color: #495057;
}
.top-form .gform_wrapper .gfield_checkbox .gchoice label{
color:#2b343e;
width:Resolver
Resolver ASN
AS24757
Resolver IP
196.188.116.212
Resolver Network Name
Ethio Telecom
Report ID
20250830T145500Z_webconnectivity_ET_24757_n1_nkfWYXn5vXKwwaFM
Platform
windows
Software Name
ooniprobe-desktop-unattended (3.24.0)
Measurement Engine
ooniprobe-engine (3.24.0)