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<!doctype html><html lang="en" class="js-disabled"><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1"/><title>Our World in Data</title><meta name="description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://ourworldindata.org"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/atom.xml" title="Atom feed for Our World in Data"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link rel="preload" href="/fonts/LatoLatin-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://ourworldindata.org"/><meta property="og:title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta property="og:description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/default-thumbnail.png"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@OurWorldInData"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@OurWorldInData"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/default-thumbnail.png"/><link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/owid.mjs"/><link rel="preload" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/polyfill/v3/polyfill.min.js?version=4.8.0&amp;features=es2022,es2023" as="script" data-cloudflare-disable-early-hints="true"/><link rel="preload" href="/assets/owid.css" as="style"/><meta name="citation_title" content="OWID Homepage"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://ourworldindata.org"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/02/28"/><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Our World in Data"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/owid.css"/><script>window._OWID_GDOC_PROPS = {"id":"1-X5zMYoLTJqD6kidXYd1GuIDj1uhlPe5-Em5B7vsgNo","slug":"owid-homepage","content":{"body":[{"type":"pill-row","pills":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/poverty","text":"Poverty"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality","text":"Child Mortality"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/global-education","text":"Global Education"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions","text":"CO₂ Emissions"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/migration","text":"Migration"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace","text":"War & Peace"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy","text":"Life Expectancy"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/population-growth","text":"Population Growth"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/artificial-intelligence","text":"Artificial Intelligence"}],"title":"Popular pages","parseErrors":[]},{"type":"homepage-search","parseErrors":[]},{"type":"homepage-intro","parseErrors":[],"featuredWork":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/data?q=WHO+Mortality+Database","type":"secondary","isNew":true,"title":"We’ve updated all our charts based on the WHO Mortality Database","kicker":"Data update","authors":["Fiona Spooner"],"filename":"data-update-featured-image.png","description":"Explore the latest data from the World Health Organization on causes of death around the world, from cancer and heart diseases to homicides and suicides."},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/14ZnX7uW1aOuJAM7CPFmxwdq8fniYwBqDfbp4mlS0ZZA/edit","type":"secondary","isNew":false,"kicker":"From our classics"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-worldbank","type":"tertiary","isNew":false,"title":"How does economic prosperity compare across countries?","kicker":"Featured data","authors":["Bertha Rohenkohl"]},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1izDNIsxStJp6dflquNQcvAcsy4wWdQTelI1_1gRMVdg/edit?tab=t.0","type":"primary","isNew":true,"kicker":"Article · 9 min read"},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1lmIiF_8Vlm2_ysg5UXeRPmQ_M8XbmXqzRs7g2uGwGyc/edit?tab=t.k82vwn558srm","type":"tertiary","isNew":false,"title":"We’ve revised our topic page on vaccination with new writing and interactive charts","kicker":"Updated & improved"}]},{"type":"latest-data-insights","parseErrors":[]},{"type":"key-indicator-collection","blocks":[{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"What could be more tragic than the death of a young child? Child mortality, the death of children under the age of five, is still ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/much-better-awful-can-be-better","children":[{"text":"extremely common","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" in our world today.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The historical data makes clear that it doesn’t have to be this way: it ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality-big-problem-in-brief","children":[{"text":"is possible","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" for societies to protect their children and reduce child mortality to very low rates. 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Whether or not countries are leaving the worst poverty behind can be monitored by relying on this indicator.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"What share of the population lives in extreme poverty?","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Across the world, people are living longer. In 1900, the global average life expectancy of a newborn was 32 years. By 2021, this had more than doubled to 71 years.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Big improvements were achieved by countries ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy-globally","children":[{"text":"around the world","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":". The chart shows that life expectancy has more than doubled in every region of the world. 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It also shows that the ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus","children":[{"text":"COVID-19 pandemic","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" led to reduced life expectancy worldwide.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"How has people’s life expectancy changed over time?","source":"Long-run estimates collated from multiple sources by Our World in Data","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The main source of carbon dioxide (CO","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"2","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-subscript"},{"text":") emissions is the burning of fossil fuels. It is the primary ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions","children":[{"text":"greenhouse gas","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" causing ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/climate-change","children":[{"text":"climate change","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":".","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Globally, CO","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"2","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-subscript"},{"text":" emissions have remained at just below 5 tonnes per person for over a decade. 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None of these scientists did their work in isolation; their innovations were achieved thanks to collaborative efforts and the earlier work of other researchers.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Our team spends much of its time ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/causes-of-death","children":[{"text":"counting deaths","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", but it’s equally important to know the number of lives saved — even though it is harder to estimate and involves much larger uncertainty. It’s inspiring to be reminded that creative, enterprising, and tenacious people can enormously contribute to our lives.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, who invented synthetic fertilizers, are at the top of this list. My colleague Hannah Ritchie wrote an article about the difference their work has made: ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/how-many-people-does-synthetic-fertilizer-feed","children":[{"text":"How many people does synthetic fertilizer feed?","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Counting lives saved is difficult, but it can show us the great difference some people have made","authors":["Max Roser"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=13920-731&t=0CJLYI2WogWD7Hdz-1","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"","narrative-chart":""}},{"id":"1zyKu02x3pOrX07v5QkRps_dyW5_k-zZwALOf0tvsDa8","slug":"gold-export-data-suggests-that-peru-one-of-the-worlds-largest-producers-mines-nearly-as-much-informally-as-it-does-formally","publishedAt":"2025-08-20T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"top-15-gold-production.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"According to official mining output records, Peru mined about 90 tonnes of gold in 2023, far ahead of any other South American country. That puts it within the world’s top 15 producers, just below the 10th place, as shown in the chart.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"However, this official figure captures only part of Peru’s gold economy. Customs export data shows a striking discrepancy: about 80 tonnes of unaccounted gold in 2023, ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ipe.org.pe/analisis-de-la-mineria-ilegal-en-el-peru/","children":[{"text":"according to the Peruvian Institute of Economics","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":". That’s gold whose value appears in export statistics but not mine-output records — and it is almost as large as the official figure based on mine records.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Some of this gap may be due to re-exports, inventories, or recycled gold. But given how big the discrepancy is, Peru’s authorities, researchers, and media see it as a practical indicator of the scale of informal and illegal mining. An ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://economist.com/the-americas/2025/06/26/the-gold-bull-market-has-a-dirty-secret","children":[{"text":"article in The Economist","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", for example, compares Peru with other countries using this approach, and argues that gold has become more profitable than drugs for many gangs in South America.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Illegal gold mining is widely recognized as a major issue in Peru and the region, frequently linked to environmental damage and organized crime. This context matters today: the ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/other-publications/ire/focus/html/ecb.irebox202506_01~f93400a4aa.en.html","children":[{"text":"steep recent increase in gold prices","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" raises incentives around unregulated extraction and trade.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"→ Our ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/minerals?tab=discrete-bar&time=latest&country=PRY~ATF~CHN~AUS~RUS~CAN~USA~MEX~KAZ~UZB~PER~IDN~ZAF~GHA~BRA~MLI~TZA&globeRotation=-7.89%2C-66.04&globeZoom=1.42&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=entityName&Mineral=Gold&Metric=Production&Type=Mine&Share+of+global=false","children":[{"text":"Minerals Data Explorer","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" has more data on metals, minerals, and mining. ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Crimes%20on%20Environment/ECR25_P2b_Minerals_Crime.pdf","children":[{"text":"This United Nations report","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" provides more information about illegal mining and its environmental effects.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Gold export data suggests that Peru, one of the world’s largest producers, mines nearly as much informally as it does formally","authors":["Esteban Ortiz-Ospina"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=13591-12&t=0CJLYI2WogWD7Hdz-1","approved-by":"Max","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/minerals?tab=discrete-bar&time=latest&country=PRY~ATF~CHN~AUS~RUS~CAN~USA~MEX~KAZ~UZB~PER~IDN~ZAF~GHA~BRA~MLI~TZA&globeRotation=-7.89%2C-66.04&globeZoom=1.42&pickerSort=asc&pickerMetric=entityName&Mineral=Gold&Metric=Production&Type=Mine&Share+of+global=false","narrative-chart":""}},{"id":"1hU-WCF5PzPjroIly7gGS5RVI3AgsL32_DdQZamaxbAE","slug":"hostility-toward-homosexuality-remains-common-in-many-of-the-worlds-largest-countries","publishedAt":"2025-08-18T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"homophobia-populous-countries","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"This chart shows the share of people who say homosexuality cannot be justified across five of the world’s most populous countries.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Together, these countries are home to ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-unwpp?tab=discrete-bar&time=latest&country=CHN~IND~OWID_WRL~IDN~PAK~RUS","children":[{"text":"nearly half","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" of the global population. And in all of them, most people still hold strong views against homosexuality. In Pakistan and Indonesia, it’s over 90%; in China, more than 80%. In India and Russia, these views are widespread, ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"and","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":" they’ve increased in recent years.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"That’s troubling. It’s hard to feel free, or even safe, when your sexuality is seen as something to condemn. In Western Europe and the US, negative views of homosexuality ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/13CFgHvFf4o0I6Vk1UYufuZutGxUjkKXRab4YgDRJGCk/edit?tab=t.0","children":[{"text":"have dropped","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" over the last 40 years.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Homosexuality is ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/same-sex-sexual-acts-equaldex","children":[{"text":"now legal","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" in both China and India, but legal status doesn’t erase stigma. When large parts of society see same-sex attraction as morally wrong, laws alone are not a guarantee to protect people from harassment, exclusion, or violence.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-people-who-think-homosexuality-is-never-justified","children":[{"text":"Explore responses to this question in more than a hundred countries","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Hostility toward homosexuality remains common in many of the world’s largest countries","authors":["Simon van Teutem"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=13287-25&t=aPambrRgooAbTA0d-1","approved-by":"Hannah","grapher-url":"","narrative-chart":""}},{"id":"1dhDTBP8LKeAXb0uaSDLTxlHUBl6nRXaF7_QcLVRTWjQ","slug":"oil-spills-from-tankers-have-fallen-to-less-than-one-thirtieth-of-the-levels-seen-in-the-1970s","publishedAt":"2025-08-15T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"oil-spilled-tankers-2025-di.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"We’ve all seen the dramatic images of vast parts of the ocean caked in oil; birds and other wildlife stuck in the thick, dark liquid. These spills are both environmentally damaging and expensive to clean up.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"As the chart shows, in the 1970s, over 300,000 tonnes of oil were spilled from oil tankers in most years. By the 1980s and 1990s, this ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/quantity-oil-spills-decadal-average","children":[{"text":"had dropped","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", but the annual average was still over 100,000 tonnes.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"These losses have fallen dramatically since the millennium. Last year, 10,000 tonnes were spilled, less than one-thirtieth of the amount lost in a typical year in the 1970s.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"This decline has occurred despite global oil production and trade ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/energy?tab=chart&Total+or+Breakdown=Select+a+source&Energy+or+Electricity=Primary+energy&Metric=Annual+consumption&Select+a+source=Oil&country=~OWID_WRL","children":[{"text":"increasing dramatically","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":".","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/oil-spills","children":[{"text":"We’ve just updated our charts on oil spills; explore the latest data ","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":"→","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Oil spills from tankers have fallen to less than one-thirtieth of the levels seen in the 1970s","authors":["Hannah Ritchie","Veronika Samborska"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=11468-12317&t=9F3N5OhEuGcf5WJ5-0","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/quantity-oil-spills","narrative-chart":"oil-spilled-tankers-2025-di"}},{"id":"1XXmdK6_8w-6PvQs_richIlef0fhoY7gLlWGs2M7Wea4","slug":"foreign-aid-can-be-a-large-share-of-a-countrys-income-during-times-of-conflict-or-humanitarian-crisis","publishedAt":"2025-08-13T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"aid-received-large-share-income.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Many countries receive ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"some","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":" foreign aid, but it typically accounts for just ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/foreign-aid-received-as-a-share-of-national-income-net","children":[{"text":"a few percent of their income","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":". But during periods of conflict, crisis, or natural disaster, foreign aid forms a large part of some countries’ economy.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The map shows the countries where aid was more than one-fifth of national income in 2023 (the latest year of data available). This included Yemen, Syria, and the Central African Republic, which experienced continued conflict, and Ukraine, which received humanitarian aid following the Russian invasion.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Since aid is often given during periods of acute fragility and humanitarian crises, the countries on this list change a lot from year to year. If you look at the ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/foreign-aid-received-as-a-share-of-national-income-net?tab=line&time=earliest..2023&country=~HTI","children":[{"text":"trend for Haiti","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", for example, you can see a spike in aid after the devastating earthquake that hit Port-au-Prince in 2010.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"During these events, aid often plays a crucial role in providing basic resources and support for countries trying to rebuild.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/foreign-aid","children":[{"text":"Explore data on who gives foreign aid, who receives it, and how this has changed over time","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Foreign aid can be a large share of a country’s income during times of conflict or humanitarian crisis","authors":["Hannah Ritchie"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=11201-325&t=0s4YqWlTXgBTh43O-0","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/foreign-aid-received-as-a-share-of-national-income-net","narrative-chart":"aid-received-large-share-income"}},{"id":"1VrE-cOQRKcgLBOTK8yBTEhZCP_DpUqP6NDOu0DR0MIc","slug":"in-low-income-countries-most-people-work-in-farming-in-richer-countries-they-work-in-services","publishedAt":"2025-08-11T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"labor-sectors-income-group.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"As countries get richer, the ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"type","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":" of work that people do changes a lot.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The chart breaks down the workforce by sector by country income groups. In most low-income countries, a majority of people ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-the-labor-force-employed-in-agriculture","children":[{"text":"work in agriculture","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":". People grow their own food, get a surplus to sell to others, or produce commodities that they can export overseas.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"In comparison, fewer people work in farming in middle- and high-income countries. People start to move to industrial and service jobs instead.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"In rich countries, three-quarters of workers are employed in services, compared to just 3% in agriculture.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"There are several drivers of this. Agricultural productivity ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/agriculture-value-added-per-worker-wdi?tab=chart&time=latest&country=OWID_WRL~CHN~USA~GBR~East+Asia+%26+Pacific~Sub-Saharan+Africa~Latin+America+%26+Caribbean~TZA~COG~DNK","children":[{"text":"tends to increase","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" as countries get richer (and they gain access to better seeds, fertilizers, irrigation, and land). This means fewer family members must work on the farm to produce the same — or more — income.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"At the same time, many industrial and service jobs pay more, so people are incentivized to move out of farming to higher-paying roles when they become available. This transition has been a key driver of economic growth and ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/extreme-poverty-in-brief","children":[{"text":"poverty reduction","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" for many countries.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/africa-yields-problem","children":[{"text":"Read my article on why improvements in agricultural productivity are important to reduce poverty","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"In low-income countries, most people work in farming; in richer countries, they work in services","authors":["Hannah Ritchie"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=11216-14&t=6swMtRu1fAWLCDq6-0","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-employment-agriculture-industry-services","narrative-chart":""}}]}</script><script>
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From left to right: Science, Nature, PNAS, BBC, Financial Times, The New York Times, The Guardian, The Atlantic, and The Washington Post" width="230" height="75" loading="lazy"/></section><section class="grid grid-cols-9 span-cols-9 col-start-5 span-md-cols-12 col-md-start-2 homepage-intro__right-section"><h2 class="span-cols-9 span-md-cols-12 h5-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-heading">Featured work</h2><div class="grid grid-cols-9 span-cols-9 span-md-cols-12 homepage-intro__featured-work-container"><div class="homepage-intro__primary-tiles span-cols-6"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/global-inequality-opportunity-to-give" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4a07a4c2-8070-489b-cb46-62dc93a64700/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4a07a4c2-8070-489b-cb46-62dc93a64700/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4a07a4c2-8070-489b-cb46-62dc93a64700/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4a07a4c2-8070-489b-cb46-62dc93a64700/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4a07a4c2-8070-489b-cb46-62dc93a64700/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 640px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/4a07a4c2-8070-489b-cb46-62dc93a64700/w=1200" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker"><span class="homepage-intro__new-tag">New</span>Article · 9 min read</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">Global inequality is huge — but so is the opportunity for people in high-income countries to support poor people</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">People in high-income countries could dramatically improve lives worldwide with minimal financial commitment, yet few do.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Simon van Teutem and Joe Hasell</p></a></div><div class="homepage-intro__secondary-tiles span-cols-3 col-start-7"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/data?q=WHO+Mortality+Database" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6caceef6-fed3-4c49-6fcf-cd957678b200/w=1200" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker"><span class="homepage-intro__new-tag">New</span>Data update</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">We’ve updated all our charts based on the WHO Mortality Database</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">Explore the latest data from the World Health Organization on causes of death around the world, from cancer and heart diseases to homicides and suicides.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Fiona Spooner</p></a><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/worlds-energy-problem" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/509eaec5-f874-4303-9530-fa86189ab600/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/509eaec5-f874-4303-9530-fa86189ab600/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/509eaec5-f874-4303-9530-fa86189ab600/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/509eaec5-f874-4303-9530-fa86189ab600/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/509eaec5-f874-4303-9530-fa86189ab600/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/509eaec5-f874-4303-9530-fa86189ab600/w=1200" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">From our classics</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">The world’s energy problem</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">The world faces two energy problems: most of our energy still produces greenhouse gas emissions, and hundreds of millions lack access to energy.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Max Roser</p></a></div><div class="homepage-intro__tertiary-tiles span-cols-6 grid grid-cols-6"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-worldbank" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile span-cols-3 homepage-intro__featured-tile--missing-image"><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">Featured data</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">How does economic prosperity compare across countries?</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Bertha Rohenkohl</p></a><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/vaccination" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile span-cols-3"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/983d9f48-4f06-4dee-76a2-c8cd6427e600/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/983d9f48-4f06-4dee-76a2-c8cd6427e600/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/983d9f48-4f06-4dee-76a2-c8cd6427e600/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/983d9f48-4f06-4dee-76a2-c8cd6427e600/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/983d9f48-4f06-4dee-76a2-c8cd6427e600/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/983d9f48-4f06-4dee-76a2-c8cd6427e600/w=1200" alt="A dark blue background with a lighter blue world map superimposed over it. Yellow text that says Vaccination by Our World in Data" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">Updated &amp; improved</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">We’ve revised our topic page on vaccination with new writing and interactive charts</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">Vaccines have saved millions of lives and transformed global health. This page presents data and research on their history, impact, and future.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Fiona Spooner, Saloni Dattani, Samantha Vanderslott, and Max Roser</p></a></div><div class="span-cols-6 homepage-intro__see-all-work-button-container"><a href="/latest" class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion body-3-medium homepage-intro__see-all-work-button"><span>See all our latest work</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right owid-btn--icon-right" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="span-cols-6 span-sm-cols-12"><a href="/latest" class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion body-3-medium homepage-intro__see-all-work-button homepage-intro__see-all-work-button--mobile"><span>See all our latest work</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right owid-btn--icon-right" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a></div></section></section><section class="article-block__latest-data-insights grid grid-cols-12-full-width span-cols-14 latest-data-insights-block"><header class="latest-data-insights-block__header span-cols-8 col-start-2 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><h2 class="h2-bold">Data Insights</h2><p class="body-2-regular">Bite-sized insights on how the world is changing, published every few days.</p></header><a href="/data-insights" class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion latest-data-insights-block__see-all-data-insights-button body-3-medium span-cols-4 col-start-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>See all Data Insights</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right owid-btn--icon-right" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a><div class="latest-data-insights span-cols-12 col-start-2"><div class="latest-data-insights__viewport"><div class="latest-data-insights__card-container"><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-0"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d22ab1b5-0803-4e7f-5c28-e21212422800/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d22ab1b5-0803-4e7f-5c28-e21212422800/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d22ab1b5-0803-4e7f-5c28-e21212422800/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d22ab1b5-0803-4e7f-5c28-e21212422800/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d22ab1b5-0803-4e7f-5c28-e21212422800/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d22ab1b5-0803-4e7f-5c28-e21212422800/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d22ab1b5-0803-4e7f-5c28-e21212422800/w=1620" alt="The image illustrates the increase and diversification of meat consumption in China over the past 60 years, measured in kilograms per person per year. It features a bar graph with four major years highlighted: 1962, 1982, 2002, and 2022. In 1962, meat consumption was only 4 kilograms per person. By 1982, it rose to 15 kilograms, with pork comprising 84% of the total meat supply. In 2002, it further increased to 45 kilograms. By 2022, the total per capita meat supply reached 70 kilograms, with pork making up 57% of the total. Other categories include beef, poultry, and sheep/goat, which are represented in varying colors. 

The data source for this information is the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, published in 2024, and the content is licensed under CC BY." loading="lazy" width="1620" height="1620"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>Yesterday</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-0" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Over the last six decades, China has rapidly increased and diversified its meat consumption</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Go back to China in the 1960s, and you’ll find that the average person ate very little meat. This isn’t surprising: most of the country </span><span><span>lived in extreme poverty</span></span><span> and could not afford it. Meat consumption is </span><span><span>strongly correlated</span></span><span> with income: as countries get richer, they tend to have more diverse, meat-heavy diets.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>However, as the chart shows, meat supply per person has increased significantly over the last sixty years. In 1962, annual consumption was just 4 kilograms per person. By 2022, it had increased almost 18-fold to 70 kilograms.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>It’s not only the amount of meat consumed that’s changed: people in China also eat a more diverse mix. In the 1960s and 1980s, almost all meat came from pork. Today, pork still dominates, but it is joined by more poultry and beef.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>This change in diet matters for various reasons. More diversified diets (which are not only about animal products) tend to be more nutritious than monotonous staple-heavy diets that are common for people living in poverty. But this increase in meat consumption also comes with a </span><span><span>large environmental impact</span></span><span> and consequences for </span><span><span>animal welfare</span></span><span>.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span>Explore how meat consumption has changed in your own country</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#second-most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-1"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/aaca01e5-bc5e-4031-c8db-9d48a0a57800/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/aaca01e5-bc5e-4031-c8db-9d48a0a57800/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/aaca01e5-bc5e-4031-c8db-9d48a0a57800/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/aaca01e5-bc5e-4031-c8db-9d48a0a57800/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/aaca01e5-bc5e-4031-c8db-9d48a0a57800/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/aaca01e5-bc5e-4031-c8db-9d48a0a57800/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/aaca01e5-bc5e-4031-c8db-9d48a0a57800/w=1620" alt="The image presents a horizontal bar chart that illustrates the contributions of various scientists whose innovations have saved millions of lives. Each bar represents the estimated number of lives saved by a specific medical innovation, with the bars increasing in length from left to right to indicate more lives saved.
Many significant innovations are listed, including the development of different vaccines, medical procedures, and treatments that have saved millions. 
The footer provides sources for the estimates shown, acknowledging that except for information Sarah Gilbert&#x27;s contributions, all estimates are from Science Heroes." loading="lazy" width="1620" height="3201"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>August 22</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-1" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Counting lives saved is difficult, but it can show us the great difference some people have made</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Scientists can make an enormous difference in the world.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Take the researcher Sarah Gilbert, who has dedicated her career to developing vaccines. Over the last two decades, she has contributed to vaccines against the flu, MERS, Nipah virus, and Rift Valley fever. When she heard about the outbreak in China in January 2020, she began working on a vaccine, just in case. By the end of that year, the vaccine against COVID-19 was approved, saving an estimated </span><span><span>6.3 million lives</span></span><span> in the following year alone. Without this effort, we would have faced a much darker reality, marked by lockdowns, overwhelmed health systems, and widespread suffering.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>This chart lists many such scientists whose work saved many people’s lives. The estimates are taken from the web publication </span><span><span>Science Heroes</span></span><span>, where you can find profiles of these scientists.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>It’s difficult to estimate the exact difference particular innovations have made, and I take all such estimates with a grain of salt. None of these scientists did their work in isolation; their innovations were achieved thanks to collaborative efforts and the earlier work of other researchers.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Our team spends much of its time </span><span><span>counting deaths</span></span><span>, but it’s equally important to know the number of lives saved — even though it is harder to estimate and involves much larger uncertainty. It’s inspiring to be reminded that creative, enterprising, and tenacious people can enormously contribute to our lives.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch, who invented synthetic fertilizers, are at the top of this list. My colleague Hannah Ritchie wrote an article about the difference their work has made: </span><span><span>How many people does synthetic fertilizer feed?</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#third-most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-2"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c99cb5d4-d368-42f5-5c09-995807edec00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c99cb5d4-d368-42f5-5c09-995807edec00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c99cb5d4-d368-42f5-5c09-995807edec00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c99cb5d4-d368-42f5-5c09-995807edec00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c99cb5d4-d368-42f5-5c09-995807edec00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c99cb5d4-d368-42f5-5c09-995807edec00/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/c99cb5d4-d368-42f5-5c09-995807edec00/w=1620" alt="This image displays a bar graph depicting the top gold-producing countries in 2023, with gold production measured in tonnes of recorded raw mined output. The countries are listed alongside the amount of gold they produced. China is the highest producer with 370 tonnes, followed by Russia and Australia, both at 310 tonnes. Canada produced 200 tonnes, while the United States produced 170 tonnes. Other notable producers include Kazakhstan with 130 tonnes, Mexico with 120 tonnes, and Indonesia with 110 tonnes. Uzbekistan and South Africa each produced 100 tonnes. Peru and Ghana both produced 90 tonnes, while Tanzania, Mali, and Brazil produced 60 tonnes each. 

The data sources are USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2024, and Our World in Data, which can be visited for more information. The graph is licensed under Creative Commons BY." loading="lazy" width="1620" height="1620"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>August 20</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-2" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Gold export data suggests that Peru, one of the world’s largest producers, mines nearly as much informally as it does formally</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>According to official mining output records, Peru mined about 90 tonnes of gold in 2023, far ahead of any other South American country. That puts it within the world’s top 15 producers, just below the 10th place, as shown in the chart.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>However, this official figure captures only part of Peru’s gold economy. Customs export data shows a striking discrepancy: about 80 tonnes of unaccounted gold in 2023, </span><span><span>according to the Peruvian Institute of Economics</span></span><span>. That’s gold whose value appears in export statistics but not mine-output records — and it is almost as large as the official figure based on mine records.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Some of this gap may be due to re-exports, inventories, or recycled gold. But given how big the discrepancy is, Peru’s authorities, researchers, and media see it as a practical indicator of the scale of informal and illegal mining. An </span><span><span>article in The Economist</span></span><span>, for example, compares Peru with other countries using this approach, and argues that gold has become more profitable than drugs for many gangs in South America.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Illegal gold mining is widely recognized as a major issue in Peru and the region, frequently linked to environmental damage and organized crime. This context matters today: the </span><span><span>steep recent increase in gold prices</span></span><span> raises incentives around unregulated extraction and trade.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>→ Our </span><span><span>Minerals Data Explorer</span></span><span> has more data on metals, minerals, and mining. </span><span><span>This United Nations report</span></span><span> provides more information about illegal mining and its environmental effects.</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#fourth-most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-3"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/3613bccb-fa71-419e-2482-3fea799ea100/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/3613bccb-fa71-419e-2482-3fea799ea100/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/3613bccb-fa71-419e-2482-3fea799ea100/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/3613bccb-fa71-419e-2482-3fea799ea100/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/3613bccb-fa71-419e-2482-3fea799ea100/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/3613bccb-fa71-419e-2482-3fea799ea100/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/3613bccb-fa71-419e-2482-3fea799ea100/w=1620" alt="This is a line graph depicting levels of homophobia in several large countries from 2004 to 2022. The vertical axis lists countries: Pakistan, Indonesia, China, Russia, and India. The horizontal axis represents the years, moving from 2004 on the left to 2022 on the right.

Each country has a line connecting data points from 2004 to 2022. The percentage of respondents who expressed homophobic views is shown at each endpoint:

- Pakistan starts at 100% in 2004, decreasing to 91% in 2022.
- Indonesia begins at 98% and slightly declines to 93%.
- China decreases from 87% to 83%.
- Russia shows a decline from 71% to 75%.
- India starts at 52% in 2004 and climbs to 65% in 2022.

The graph includes a note explaining the data: it represents the share of people responding on a scale of 1-10 to the question regarding the justification of homosexuality, with values between 1 to 4 indicating a negative stance. The data source is the Integrated Values Surveys from 2024, and the graph is attributed to &quot;Our World in Data&quot; with a CC BY license." loading="lazy" width="1620" height="1620"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>August 18</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-3" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Hostility toward homosexuality remains common in many of the world’s largest countries</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>This chart shows the share of people who say homosexuality cannot be justified across five of the world’s most populous countries.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Together, these countries are home to </span><span><span>nearly half</span></span><span> of the global population. And in all of them, most people still hold strong views against homosexuality. In Pakistan and I

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