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<!doctype html><html lang="en" class="js-disabled"><head><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1"/><title>Our World in Data</title><meta name="description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://ourworldindata.org"/><link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" href="/atom.xml" title="Atom feed for Our World in Data"/><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/apple-touch-icon.png"/><link rel="preload" href="/fonts/LatoLatin-Regular.woff2" as="font" type="font/woff2" crossorigin="anonymous"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://ourworldindata.org"/><meta property="og:title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta property="og:description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/default-thumbnail.png"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@OurWorldInData"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@OurWorldInData"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="Research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems"/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://ourworldindata.org/default-thumbnail.png"/><link rel="modulepreload" href="/assets/owid.mjs"/><link rel="preload" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/polyfill/v3/polyfill.min.js?version=4.8.0&amp;features=es2022,es2023" as="script" data-cloudflare-disable-early-hints="true"/><link rel="preload" href="/assets/owid.css" as="style"/><meta name="citation_title" content="OWID Homepage"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://ourworldindata.org"/><meta name="citation_fulltext_world_readable" content=""/><meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/02/28"/><meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Our World in Data"/><meta name="citation_author" content="Our World in Data"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/owid.css"/><script>window._OWID_GDOC_PROPS = {"id":"1-X5zMYoLTJqD6kidXYd1GuIDj1uhlPe5-Em5B7vsgNo","slug":"owid-homepage","content":{"body":[{"type":"pill-row","pills":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/poverty","text":"Poverty"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality","text":"Child Mortality"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/global-education","text":"Global Education"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions","text":"CO₂ Emissions"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/migration","text":"Migration"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/war-and-peace","text":"War & Peace"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy","text":"Life Expectancy"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/population-growth","text":"Population Growth"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/artificial-intelligence","text":"Artificial Intelligence"}],"title":"Popular pages","parseErrors":[]},{"type":"homepage-search","parseErrors":[]},{"type":"homepage-intro","parseErrors":[],"featuredWork":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/inequality-lis?Indicator=Share+of+the+richest+10%25&Income+measure=After+tax&Adjust+for+cost+sharing+within+households+%28equivalized+income%29=false&country=CHL~BRA~ZAF~USA~FRA~CHN","type":"secondary","isNew":true,"title":"We’ve updated all the charts in our Income Inequality Data Explorer","kicker":"Data update","authors":["Pablo Arriagada"],"filename":"thumbnail-inequality-data-explorer.png","description":"Explore Luxembourg Income Study data on inequality."},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1fnqudOrHtKwVb4HZ8IG_np0gqRNkeqlFRKA_NPMesKA/edit","type":"secondary","isNew":false,"kicker":"From our classics"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita","type":"tertiary","isNew":false,"title":"Which countries emit the most CO₂ per person?","kicker":"Featured data","authors":["Pablo Rosado"]},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1IgvD1frfDsX_lAz3TV0RtbNOtBDk1avgGKMPTlbnlxQ/edit","type":"primary","isNew":true,"kicker":"Article · 15 min read"},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zJi061-NLcziGjImsUP8cQz7UBDW5Klaq2WiuF5RwAM/edit?tab=t.0","type":"tertiary","isNew":false,"kicker":"Article · 11 min read"}]},{"type":"latest-data-insights","parseErrors":[]},{"type":"key-indicator-collection","blocks":[{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"What could be more tragic than the death of a young child? Child mortality, the death of children under the age of five, is still ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/much-better-awful-can-be-better","children":[{"text":"extremely common","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" in our world today.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The historical data makes clear that it doesn’t have to be this way: it ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality-big-problem-in-brief","children":[{"text":"is possible","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" for societies to protect their children and reduce child mortality to very low rates. 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We can, therefore, think of ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/child-mortality","children":[{"text":"child mortality","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" as a proxy indicator of a country’s living conditions.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The chart shows our long-run data on child mortality, which allows you to see how child mortality has changed in countries around the world.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"type":"key-indicator","title":"What share of children die before their fifth birthday?","source":"Long-run estimates combining data from UN & Gapminder","datapageUrl":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality?time=earliest..latest","parseErrors":[]},{"text":[{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The UN sets the “International Poverty Line” as a worldwide comparable definition for extreme poverty. 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It is the primary ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions","children":[{"text":"greenhouse gas","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" causing ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/climate-change","children":[{"text":"climate change","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":".","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Globally, CO","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"2","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-subscript"},{"text":" emissions have remained at just below 5 tonnes per person for over a decade. 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Colonies became independent countries, formed their own governments, joined international institutions, and started having their own voice in global decisions.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The decline of colonialism marked one of the biggest political shifts in modern history, from external rule to national sovereignty.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/state-capacity","children":[{"text":"Read more about colonization and state capacity on our dedicated page","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"A century ago, around half of today’s independent countries were European colonies","authors":["Saloni Dattani","Bastian Herre"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=12364-383&t=m8s9PYu38UYbgKn3-1","approved-by":"Max","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/european-overseas-colonies-by-colonizer","narrative-chart":""}},{"id":"1vgiJPuN96EAcN3JiIf3-ZfO4LUlli1AB-DsVl2r7uUo","slug":"two-ways-of-measuring-economic-growth-in-the-us","publishedAt":"2025-07-28T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"US-growth-two-ways.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Economic growth is easy to understand: it means that people have access to goods and services of increasing quantity and quality.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"What is hard, however, is to ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"measure","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":" economic growth. 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And further down, you see the rise of technologies that reduced work at home: vacuum cleaners, washing machines, dryers, and dishwashers.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"This approach is very concrete; it shows practical ways in which the production and consumption of specific goods increased over time. The downside is that it only captures a limited number of particular goods. Millions of goods and services are produced and consumed, and most are not recorded with such precision.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"A way to measure how people’s access to the ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"full","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":" range of goods and services changes is to measure ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"people’s incomes","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-bold"},{"text":". This way of measuring growth is shown in the top left panel. The data on average income, here measured by GDP per capita, tells us that the average American was 13 times poorer in 1860 than in 2022 (adjusted for inflation).","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"These two ways of measuring economic growth have pros and cons: one is concrete but not comprehensive, the other is comprehensive but quite abstract. If we want to understand what growth means for our societies, I find it helpful to combine them both.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/what-is-economic-growth","children":[{"text":"If you want to know more about this — and see how the inequality of incomes can be factored in — you can read my article: “What is economic growth? And why is it so important?”","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"skip":"","type":"data-insight","title":"Two ways of measuring 160 years of economic growth in the United States","authors":["Max Roser"],"figma-url":"","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"","narrative-chart":""}},{"id":"1kVr1XxUghioUaLn6qmgIP_I5In6udXnz8-kWmWzeZmE","slug":"per-capita-co-emissions-in-china-now-match-those-in-the-united-kingdom","publishedAt":"2025-07-25T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"per-capita-consumption-co2-china-uk.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"When I was born in the 1990s, the average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the United Kingdom were about six times higher than in China, but these trends have converged in my lifetime.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"You can see this in the chart: in 2022, China’s per capita emissions matched those in the UK.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Once a country that ran on coal, the UK has ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/data-insights/coal-power-has-effectively-died-in-the-united-kingdom","children":[{"text":"closed its last coal plant","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":". This has been the main driver of its emissions decline.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Meanwhile, rapid economic growth, powered ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/energy?tab=chart&Total+or+Breakdown=Select+a+source&Energy+or+Electricity=Electricity+only&Metric=Per+capita+generation&Select+a+source=Coal&country=GBR~CHN","children":[{"text":"mainly by coal","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", has ramped up emissions in China.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"These emission numbers are adjusted for trade. Based on domestic ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"production","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":", China’s per capita emissions are ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2?time=1990..latest&Gas+or+Warming=CO%E2%82%82&Accounting=Territorial&Fuel+or+Land+Use+Change=All+fossil+emissions&Count=Per+capita&country=CHN~GBR","children":[{"text":"much higher","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" than the UK's. But since China is a net exporter of goods (and emissions) and the UK is a net importer, the gap closes when we adjust for consumption.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"These emissions are based on domestic consumption and do not include international aviation or shipping, where Brits are likely to emit more.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"http://ourworldindata.org/co2-emissions-metrics","children":[{"text":"There are many ways to compare national contributions to climate change; explore them here","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Per capita CO₂ emissions in China now match those in the United Kingdom","authors":["Hannah Ritchie"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=11605-5&p=f&t=oPOo3wXYlezSlD24-0","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/co2?time=1990..latest&Gas+or+Warming=CO%E2%82%82&Accounting=Consumption-based&Fuel+or+Land+Use+Change=Fossil+%2B+land+use+change&Count=Per+capita&country=CHN~GBR","narrative-chart":"per-capita-consumption-co2-china-uk"}},{"id":"1OLxA7beSeNDFHgKgQn3ZiLkGmDaLg3nAAvIBYRmrFXM","slug":"strong-anti-tobacco-measures-are-growing-but-reach-only-a-minority-worldwide","publishedAt":"2025-07-23T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"anti-tobacco-measures-di","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Smokers are about ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://docs.google.com/document/d/1iBF2FZCP_0CphWK369B0UFQ-V2N0_EAhILRLESCRA7w/edit?tab=t.0","children":[{"text":"21 times more likely","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" to die from lung cancer than people who never smoked, and they face increased risks from over a dozen other diseases. I know people who died from smoking: you probably do too.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"In 2008, the World Health Organization created a set of tobacco control policies ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240112063","children":[{"text":"with different tiers","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":", the highest of which are considered “best practices” — they are listed on the chart.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The chart also shows the share of the global population living in countries that had enacted these policies as of 2007 and 2024.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"What surprised me is how recent most of these policies still are. In 2007, only a tiny share of the global population benefited from these policies. Since then, coverage has increased across all these measures, but most of them still reach less than half of the world's population.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/taxes-as-a-share-of-cigarette-price","children":[{"text":"What is the share of taxes on the retail price of a pack of cigarettes? See the data for each country","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Strong anti-tobacco measures are growing, but reach only a minority worldwide","authors":["Simon van Teutem"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=13325-133&t=H0SQGvzCwqfVYGZe-1","approved-by":"Max","grapher-url":"","narrative-chart":""}},{"id":"162XexsCj6zttauycM48zfouUj5ly1whjXPHY_ABooyI","slug":"global-inequality-is-the-result-of-two-centuries-of-uneven-economic-growth","publishedAt":"2025-07-21T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"Global-economic-growth-since-1820-by-world-region","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"For most of history, almost everyone everywhere ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/breaking-the-malthusian-trap","children":[{"text":"was very poor","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":". Hunger was common, half of the children died, and, as the chart shows, average incomes were low across all regions.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The chart also shows how people’s incomes have changed over the last two centuries. The chart highlights a stark divergence: while average incomes in every region have increased, the pace of this growth has varied enormously. Western Europe and the “Western Offshoots” (like the US and Australia) experienced early and sustained economic growth. Meanwhile, Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia grew much more slowly.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Two hundred years ago, people in all regions were similarly poor. Today, the average incomes of people in Australia, the US, or Denmark are more than 15 times higher than those in Sub-Saharan Africa.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/what-is-economic-growth ","children":[{"text":"I wrote an article on how economic growth is possible and why it is important: “What is economic growth?”","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"Global inequality is the result of two centuries of uneven economic growth","authors":["Max Roser"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=12660-12311&t=w0y3NsqkVJ28NENc-1","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-maddison-project-database?tab=line","narrative-chart":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-economic-growth-since-1820-by-world-region"}},{"id":"1th0X9HIn5hPzl_r_VQk4e-E_pxExhyMEGvn1-MnOYec","slug":"one-third-of-cars-on-the-road-in-norway-are-now-electric","publishedAt":"2025-07-18T04:00:00.000Z","content":{"body":[{"size":"narrow","type":"image","filename":"norway-one-third-electric-cars.png","hasOutline":true,"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"Norway is leading the way in the transition from petrol to electric cars. Almost every ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electric-car-sales-share?time=latest&country=NOR~GBR~OWID_EU27~CHN~USA~ZAF~IND~SWE~JPN~BRA~AUS~KOR~CAN","children":[{"text":"new ","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electric-car-sales-share?time=latest&country=NOR~GBR~OWID_EU27~CHN~USA~ZAF~IND~SWE~JPN~BRA~AUS~KOR~CAN","children":[{"text":"car","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" sold in Norway is electric. Hardly anyone buys a combustion engine car anymore.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"However, data on new car sales doesn’t tell us about the distribution of cars ","spanType":"span-simple-text"},{"children":[{"text":"on the road","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-italic"},{"text":". There is a lag between sales and stocks, because people can hold on to their existing petrol and diesel cars for as much as a decade or more.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"But after years of electric cars dominating the market, one-third of cars in use in Norway are now electric. The chart shows this growth.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"The share was only 12% five years earlier, which shows that this transition can happen relatively quickly.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"text":"As the global leader, Norway’s experiences can help to inform other countries on factors like charging networks, grid management, and the impacts of electric car uptake on emissions and air quality.","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]},{"type":"text","value":[{"url":"https://ourworldindata.org/electric-car-sales","children":[{"text":"See how common electric cars are in other countries across the world","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"spanType":"span-link"},{"text":" →","spanType":"span-simple-text"}],"parseErrors":[]}],"refs":{"errors":[],"definitions":{}},"type":"data-insight","title":"One-third of cars on the road in Norway are now electric","authors":["Hannah Ritchie"],"figma-url":"https://www.figma.com/design/l8AusQOZfgaxJ0wVcMrTry/Charts--2025-?node-id=11770-12349&p=f&t=kiS2mYWlNwZEuMFr-0","approved-by":"Ed","grapher-url":"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-car-stocks-electric?country=OWID_WRL~NOR~SWE~CHN~USA~OWID_EU27~JPN~GBR","narrative-chart":"norway-one-third-electric-cars"}}]}</script><script>
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homepage-intro__donate-button"><span>Donate to support us</span></a></div><div class="h6-black-caps">As seen on</div><img class="homepage-intro__media-logos" src="https://ourworldindata.org/media-logos.svg" alt="Logos of the publications that have used our content. From left to right: Science, Nature, PNAS, BBC, Financial Times, The New York Times, The Guardian, The Atlantic, and The Washington Post" width="230" height="75" loading="lazy"/></section><section class="grid grid-cols-9 span-cols-9 col-start-5 span-md-cols-12 col-md-start-2 homepage-intro__right-section"><h2 class="span-cols-9 span-md-cols-12 h5-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-heading">Featured work</h2><div class="grid grid-cols-9 span-cols-9 span-md-cols-12 homepage-intro__featured-work-container"><div class="homepage-intro__primary-tiles span-cols-6"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/ending-tuberculosis-save-millions" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8168303b-e636-4850-ffdc-90eeca931600/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8168303b-e636-4850-ffdc-90eeca931600/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8168303b-e636-4850-ffdc-90eeca931600/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8168303b-e636-4850-ffdc-90eeca931600/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8168303b-e636-4850-ffdc-90eeca931600/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8168303b-e636-4850-ffdc-90eeca931600/w=2400 2400w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 640px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/8168303b-e636-4850-ffdc-90eeca931600/w=2400" alt="Featured image" loading="lazy" width="2400" height="1260"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker"><span class="homepage-intro__new-tag">New</span>Article · 15 min read</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">The world left its fight against tuberculosis unfinished — how can we complete the job?</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">If we get it right, the world could save more than 1.2 million lives every year.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Hannah Ritchie and Fiona Spooner</p></a></div><div class="homepage-intro__secondary-tiles span-cols-3 col-start-7"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/explorers/inequality-lis?Indicator=Share+of+the+richest+10%25&amp;Income+measure=After+tax&amp;Adjust+for+cost+sharing+within+households+%28equivalized+income%29=false&amp;country=CHL~BRA~ZAF~USA~FRA~CHN" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d09f7085-fcc5-45d0-9ff9-1d1a0ba86900/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d09f7085-fcc5-45d0-9ff9-1d1a0ba86900/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d09f7085-fcc5-45d0-9ff9-1d1a0ba86900/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d09f7085-fcc5-45d0-9ff9-1d1a0ba86900/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d09f7085-fcc5-45d0-9ff9-1d1a0ba86900/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/d09f7085-fcc5-45d0-9ff9-1d1a0ba86900/w=1200" alt="" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker"><span class="homepage-intro__new-tag">New</span>Data update</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">We’ve updated all the charts in our Income Inequality Data Explorer</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">Explore Luxembourg Income Study data on inequality.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Pablo Arriagada</p></a><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/how-do-the-risks-of-death-change-as-people-age" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6028f51a-d952-47f0-9e51-b583a9221e00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6028f51a-d952-47f0-9e51-b583a9221e00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6028f51a-d952-47f0-9e51-b583a9221e00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6028f51a-d952-47f0-9e51-b583a9221e00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6028f51a-d952-47f0-9e51-b583a9221e00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6028f51a-d952-47f0-9e51-b583a9221e00/w=7021 7021w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/6028f51a-d952-47f0-9e51-b583a9221e00/w=7021" alt="Thumbnail for article: how do the risks of death change as people age" loading="lazy" width="7021" height="3937"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">From our classics</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">How does the risk of death change as we age – and how has this changed over time?</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">Death rates decline rapidly after birth but rise again in adolescence. From adulthood onwards, they rise exponentially.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Saloni Dattani</p></a></div><div class="homepage-intro__tertiary-tiles span-cols-6 grid grid-cols-6"><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile span-cols-3 homepage-intro__featured-tile--missing-image"><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">Featured data</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">Which countries emit the most CO₂ per person?</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Pablo Rosado</p></a><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/demographic-health-surveys-risk" class="homepage-intro__featured-tile span-cols-3"><div class="image"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/fd6c3b38-3997-4f3d-1051-b35ac4e0d000/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/fd6c3b38-3997-4f3d-1051-b35ac4e0d000/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/fd6c3b38-3997-4f3d-1051-b35ac4e0d000/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/fd6c3b38-3997-4f3d-1051-b35ac4e0d000/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/fd6c3b38-3997-4f3d-1051-b35ac4e0d000/w=1200 1200w" type="image/png" sizes="350px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/fd6c3b38-3997-4f3d-1051-b35ac4e0d000/w=1200" alt="Thumbnail for article on restoring the Demographic and Health Surveys" loading="lazy" width="1200" height="630"/></picture></div><span class="h6-black-caps homepage-intro__featured-work-kicker">Article · 11 min read</span><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-title">The Demographic and Health Surveys brought crucial data for more than 90 countries — without them, we risk darkness</p><p class="homepage-intro__featured-work-description">Cuts to US aid could end the Demographic and Health Surveys. This would leave a massive gap in our understanding of global health, mortality, and development.</p><p class="body-3-medium-italic homepage-intro__featured-work-authors">Saloni Dattani</p></a></div><div class="span-cols-6 homepage-intro__see-all-work-button-container"><a href="/latest" class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion body-3-medium homepage-intro__see-all-work-button"><span>See all our latest work</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right owid-btn--icon-right" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a></div></div><div class="span-cols-6 span-sm-cols-12"><a href="/latest" class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion body-3-medium homepage-intro__see-all-work-button homepage-intro__see-all-work-button--mobile"><span>See all our latest work</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right owid-btn--icon-right" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a></div></section></section><section class="article-block__latest-data-insights grid grid-cols-12-full-width span-cols-14 latest-data-insights-block"><header class="latest-data-insights-block__header span-cols-8 col-start-2 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><h2 class="h2-bold">Data Insights</h2><p class="body-2-regular">Bite-sized insights on how the world is changing, published every few days.</p></header><a href="/data-insights" class="owid-btn owid-btn--outline-vermillion latest-data-insights-block__see-all-data-insights-button body-3-medium span-cols-4 col-start-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>See all Data Insights</span><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right owid-btn--icon-right" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></a><div class="latest-data-insights span-cols-12 col-start-2"><div class="latest-data-insights__viewport"><div class="latest-data-insights__card-container"><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-0"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9983223c-5eac-4627-995d-e2ca909df100/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9983223c-5eac-4627-995d-e2ca909df100/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9983223c-5eac-4627-995d-e2ca909df100/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9983223c-5eac-4627-995d-e2ca909df100/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9983223c-5eac-4627-995d-e2ca909df100/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9983223c-5eac-4627-995d-e2ca909df100/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/9983223c-5eac-4627-995d-e2ca909df100/w=1620" alt="The image presents a line graph illustrating the share of electricity generated from fossil fuels and renewables in the Netherlands from 1985 to 2024. 

The horizontal axis marks the years, starting at 1985 on the left and progressing to 2024 on the right. The vertical axis indicates the percentage of electricity generation, ranging from 0% to 100%. 

A brown line represents fossil fuels, which shows a gradual decline over the years, starting near 90% in 1985 and dropping sharply after 2015, approaching close to 40% by 2024. In contrast, a blue line illustrates renewables, showing a slow increase from nearly 0% in 1985 to a significant rise, crossing the fossil fuel line in 2024 to surpass it. 

The title notes the historic shift in Dutch electricity generation, indicating that for the first time, most electricity now comes from renewable sources. 

Data sources for the graph are attributed to Ember for the year 2025 and the EI Statistical Review of World Energy for 2024. The graph is licensed under CC BY." loading="lazy" width="1620" height="1620"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline data-insight-dateline--is-today"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>Today</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-0" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Renewables have taken the lead in Dutch electricity production</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>For the first time, in 2024, more than half of the electricity produced in the Netherlands came from renewable sources, and almost all of it (45%) </span><span><span>from solar and wind</span></span><span>.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>As the chart shows, this has been a sharp and recent shift. Even as recently as 2018, over 80% of Dutch electricity was generated by fossil fuels.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>The Dutch government signed a national climate accord in 2019 that introduced more than </span><span><span>600 measures</span></span><span> to accelerate the shift to low-carbon power. These included </span><span><span>further stimulation of solar and wind energy, a rising carbon tax, and the closure of a major coal plant</span></span><span>. A rapid surge in renewable electricity followed, with solar and wind growing from 14% to 45% of the electricity mix.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>This transition was developed through negotiations with over 100 organizations, including businesses, unions, government agencies, and NGOs. This collaborative approach reflects the Dutch tradition of </span><em><span>polderen</span></em><span>, a consensus-driven model in which major decisions are made through dialogue and compromise rather than unilateral decisions from central governments.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>This matters because it shows that fast transitions are possible not only through top-down mandates but also through cooperation and shared commitment. That’s an encouraging lesson as countries worldwide seek to move away from fossil fuels.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span>See how each source contributes to the Dutch electricity mix</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#second-most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-1"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/19f0f8e4-dd70-45d9-261e-285be762d600/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/19f0f8e4-dd70-45d9-261e-285be762d600/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/19f0f8e4-dd70-45d9-261e-285be762d600/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/19f0f8e4-dd70-45d9-261e-285be762d600/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/19f0f8e4-dd70-45d9-261e-285be762d600/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/19f0f8e4-dd70-45d9-261e-285be762d600/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/19f0f8e4-dd70-45d9-261e-285be762d600/w=1620" alt="The visual displays a stacked area chart titled &quot;Number of European overseas colonies by colonizer,&quot; indicating the historical decline in the number of colonies held by European nations. The vertical axis represents the number of colonies, ranging from 0 to 100, while the horizontal axis spans from 1925 to 2022. 

The chart shows that in 1925, there were 97 colonies, predominantly held by France and the United Kingdom. A sudden drop in the number of colonies occurs around the 1960s, correlating with a period of rapid decolonization following World War II. There are annotations highlighting key information: &quot;97 of the countries that are independent today were European colonies in 1925&quot; and an explanation of the rapid decolonization. 

Data source: Bastian Becker (2023). Chart CC BY Our World in Data" loading="lazy" width="1620" height="1620"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>July 30</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-1" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">A century ago, around half of today’s independent countries were European colonies</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Just a century ago, many of today’s independent countries weren’t self-governing at all. They were colonies controlled by European countries from far away.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Modern European colonialism began in the 15th century, when Spain and Portugal established overseas empires. By the early 20th century, it had peaked: the United Kingdom and France dominated, and nearly 100 modern-day countries were under European control, mostly in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>As the chart shows, this changed rapidly after World War II. A wave of decolonization spread across the world, especially in the 1950s and 1960s. Colonies became independent countries, formed their own governments, joined international institutions, and started having their own voice in global decisions.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>The decline of colonialism marked one of the biggest political shifts in modern history, from external rule to national sovereignty.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span>Read more about colonization and state capacity on our dedicated page</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#third-most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-2"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/749545cf-71af-4f77-3da8-07ae173b9600/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/749545cf-71af-4f77-3da8-07ae173b9600/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/749545cf-71af-4f77-3da8-07ae173b9600/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/749545cf-71af-4f77-3da8-07ae173b9600/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/749545cf-71af-4f77-3da8-07ae173b9600/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/749545cf-71af-4f77-3da8-07ae173b9600/w=6001 6001w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/749545cf-71af-4f77-3da8-07ae173b9600/w=6001" alt="The image presents a grid of line graphs displaying the increase in household access to various amenities in the United States from 1860 to 2020. The title at the top states, &quot;What did economic growth mean for US households?&quot; 

In the top left panel, the data on average income, here measured by GDP per capita, tells us that the average American was 13 times poorer in 1860. 

The purple lines represent a very straightforward approach to measuring growth: each line tracks the share of households that have access to one specific good or service. Starting from the top, you see the rising provision of basic infrastructure like running water, flush toilets, and electric power. You can also see the increasing availability of communication technology from the radio to the TV to the Internet to mobile phones. And further down, you see the increasing availability of technologies that reduced the drudgery of work at home — vacuum cleaners, washing machines, dryers, and dishwashers.

Footnotes at the bottom provide data sources, including research by Horace Dediu, Comin, Hobijn, and GDP data from the Maddison Project Database." loading="lazy" width="6001" height="5308"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>July 28</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-2" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Two ways of measuring 160 years of economic growth in the United States</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>Economic growth is easy to understand: it means that people have access to goods and services of increasing quantity and quality.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>What is hard, however, is to </span><em><span>measure</span></em><span> economic growth. This chart shows two ways of doing this for US growth over the past 160 years.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>The</span><strong><span> </span></strong><span>purple lines represent a straightforward approach: each line tracks the share of households with </span><strong><span>access to one specific good or service</span></strong><span>. Starting from the top, you see the rising provision of basic infrastructure like running water, flush toilets, and electric power. You can also see the increasing availability of communication technology: radios, TVs, the Internet, and mobile phones. And further down, you see the rise of technologies that reduced work at home: vacuum cleaners, washing machines, dryers, and dishwashers.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>This approach is very concrete; it shows practical ways in which the production and consumption of specific goods increased over time. The downside is that it only captures a limited number of particular goods. Millions of goods and services are produced and consumed, and most are not recorded with such precision.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>A way to measure how people’s access to the </span><em><span>full</span></em><span> range of goods and services changes is to measure </span><strong><span>people’s incomes</span></strong><span>. This way of measuring growth is shown in the top left panel. The data on average income, here measured by GDP per capita, tells us that the average American was 13 times poorer in 1860 than in 2022 (adjusted for inflation).</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>These two ways of measuring economic growth have pros and cons: one is concrete but not comprehensive, the other is comprehensive but quite abstract. If we want to understand what growth means for our societies, I find it helpful to combine them both.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span><span>If you want to know more about this — and see how the inequality of incomes can be factored in — you can read my article: “What is economic growth? And why is it so important?”</span></span><span> →</span></p></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-continue"><span class="body-3-medium-underlined">Continue reading</span> <svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="arrow-right" class="svg-inline--fa fa-arrow-right " role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512" style="font-size:10px"><path fill="currentColor" d="M438.6 278.6c12.5-12.5 12.5-32.8 0-45.3l-160-160c-12.5-12.5-32.8-12.5-45.3 0s-12.5 32.8 0 45.3L338.8 224 32 224c-17.7 0-32 14.3-32 32s14.3 32 32 32l306.7 0L233.4 393.4c-12.5 12.5-12.5 32.8 0 45.3s32.8 12.5 45.3 0l160-160z"></path></svg></div></div></a><a class="latest-data-insights__card latest-data-insights__card__data-insight" href="/data-insights#fourth-most-recent-data-insight" aria-labelledby="latest-data-insights__card-title-3"><div class="image latest-data-insights__card-left"><picture><source srcSet="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/df5b8d46-e540-4a8b-eebe-761f56918c00/w=48 48w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/df5b8d46-e540-4a8b-eebe-761f56918c00/w=100 100w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/df5b8d46-e540-4a8b-eebe-761f56918c00/w=350 350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/df5b8d46-e540-4a8b-eebe-761f56918c00/w=850 850w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/df5b8d46-e540-4a8b-eebe-761f56918c00/w=1350 1350w, https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/df5b8d46-e540-4a8b-eebe-761f56918c00/w=1620 1620w" type="image/png" sizes="(max-width: 960px) 95vw, (min-width: 960px) 533px"/><img src="https://ourworldindata.org/cdn-cgi/imagedelivery/qLq-8BTgXU8yG0N6HnOy8g/df5b8d46-e540-4a8b-eebe-761f56918c00/w=1620" alt="This image is a line graph comparing per capita CO2 emissions in China and the United Kingdom from 1990 to 2022. The vertical axis represents emissions in tonnes per person, ranging from 0 to 14 tonnes, while the horizontal axis represents the years from 1990 to 2022.

There are two lines on the graph: one in blue for the United Kingdom and another in red for China. The blue line shows that UK emissions began around 12 tonnes per person in 1990, then displayed slight fluctuations but generally declined over the years, indicating a move away from coal. 

In contrast, the red line for China starts below 2 tonnes per person in 1990 and increases steadily over the years, matching the UK&#x27;s emissions by 2022. 

Text annotations highlight that in the early 1990s, per capita emissions in the UK were six times those in China and that China&#x27;s emission growth primarily stemmed from increased energy demand, largely powered by coal.

The data sources for this information are the Global Carbon Budget (2024) and UN World Population Prospects. The note specifies that the data refers to fossil emissions only, excluding land use and international transport. The image is credited under CC BY." loading="lazy" width="1620" height="1620"/></picture></div><div class="latest-data-insights__card-right"><p class="data-insight-dateline latest-data-insights__card-dateline"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="calendar-day" class="svg-inline--fa fa-calendar-day data-insight-dateline__icon" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M128 0c17.7 0 32 14.3 32 32l0 32 128 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32s32 14.3 32 32l0 32 48 0c26.5 0 48 21.5 48 48l0 48L0 160l0-48C0 85.5 21.5 64 48 64l48 0 0-32c0-17.7 14.3-32 32-32zM0 192l448 0 0 272c0 26.5-21.5 48-48 48L48 512c-26.5 0-48-21.5-48-48L0 192zm80 64c-8.8 0-16 7.2-16 16l0 96c0 8.8 7.2 16 16 16l96 0c8.8 0 16-7.2 16-16l0-96c0-8.8-7.2-16-16-16l-96 0z"></path></svg>July 25</p><h3 id="latest-data-insights__card-title-3" class="latest-data-insights__card-title">Per capita CO₂ emissions in China now match those in the United Kingdom</h3><div class="latest-data-insights__card-body"><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>When I was born in the 1990s, the average carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the United Kingdom were about six times higher than in China, but these trends have converged in my lifetime.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-cols-6 col-md-start-3 span-md-cols-10 span-sm-cols-12 col-sm-start-2"><span>You can see this in the chart: in 2022, China’s per capita emissions matched those in the UK.</span></p><p class="article-block__text col-start-5 span-col

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